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"qualityId": "sleep",
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],
"color": "#4fc08d",
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},
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{
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"max": 50
}
},
{
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},
{
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}
],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"order": 0
},
{
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"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-tincture-2020",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
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}
],
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},
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}
]
},
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},
{
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{
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
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}
]
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},
{
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}
]
}
]
},
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],
"children": []
},
{
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},
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},
{
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}
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},
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},
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},
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}
]
},
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{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
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{
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],
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},
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}
]
},
{
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}
]
}
],
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},
"legacy": {
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"Foot and shoe freshening",
"Head tension balms"
],
"blend": {
"enabled": true,
"availability": "unconfirmed",
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{
"qualityId": "focus",
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"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/",
"limitations": "Single-session aroma exposure in healthy volunteers. This is whole-oil evidence, not a trial of isolated menthol, and does not establish improved everyday work or study performance. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
}
],
"dermalMaxPercent": null,
"dermalMaxSource": null,
"cautionThresholds": [],
"phototoxic": null,
"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
"petSafer": null,
"petSource": null,
"interactions": [],
"safetyReviewStatus": "unverified",
"legacySafetyNotes": "Keep away from young children; can irritate eyes and mucous membranes.",
"legacySafetyNotesVerified": false,
"researchGaps": [
"A general sleep review is linked to peppermint elsewhere in the catalog, but its overall result is not used as a peppermint-specific sleep benefit.",
"No verified calm, sleep or uplifting mapping for this oil is provided in the starter catalog."
],
"relatedStudyIds": [
"lillehei-halcon-2014"
],
"activeEvidenceSource": false
},
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}
},
{
"id": "eucalyptus",
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"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"camphor",
"clearing",
"sharp"
],
"color": "#6fb7a6",
"description": "Steam-distilled leaves with a penetrating, cineole-rich aroma. The catalog material is Eucalyptus globulus."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "eucalyptol",
"range": {
"min": 70,
"max": 85
}
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
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"min": 5,
"max": 12
}
},
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
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"max": 6
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
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{
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},
{
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],
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]
},
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}
]
},
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]
}
],
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},
{
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"green",
"sharp"
],
"color": "#8fc16f",
"description": "Steam-distilled leaves with a fresh, medicinal aroma. Terpinen-4-ol is a characteristic component."
},
"constituents": [
{
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},
{
"compoundId": "gamma-terpinene",
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}
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-terpinene",
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],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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}
],
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]
},
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},
{
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]
},
{
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},
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}
]
},
{
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},
{
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"children": []
},
{
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}
]
},
{
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{
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
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}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning",
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{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-hand-hygiene",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
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},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
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"Skin spot blends",
"Deodorizing"
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"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
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},
{
"id": "frankincense",
"record": {
"name": "Frankincense",
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"aroma": [
"resinous",
"warm",
"balsamic"
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"color": "#d9a45b",
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},
"constituents": [
{
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"max": 45
}
},
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
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"max": 15
}
},
{
"compoundId": "beta-caryophyllene",
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}
}
],
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},
{
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{
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{
"studyId": "alkanat-2023-frankincense-myrrh-backpain",
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{
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},
{
"studyId": "reis-2023-frankincense-fatigue",
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},
{
"studyId": "nialeila-2020-myrrh-frankincense-wound",
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},
{
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
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{
"studyId": "han-2017-frankincense-fibroblasts",
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}
],
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},
{
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}
]
},
{
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},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health",
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},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
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]
},
{
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{
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}
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}
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"useNodeId": "botanical-bioactivity-cellular-cytotoxicity",
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}
]
}
],
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},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
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"Skin blends",
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],
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"availability": "unconfirmed",
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"dermalMaxSource": null,
"cautionThresholds": [],
"phototoxic": null,
"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
"petSafer": null,
"petSource": null,
"interactions": [],
"safetyReviewStatus": "unverified",
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"legacySafetyNotesVerified": false,
"researchGaps": [
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"The linked procedural lavender/frankincense trial has insufficient outcome detail in the catalog to support a quality recommendation.",
"The linked topical-foot fatigue pilot found no significant benefit. It does not establish an uplifting quality or a benefit from this spray."
],
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"reis-2023-frankincense-fatigue"
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"activeEvidenceSource": false
},
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}
},
{
"id": "clove",
"record": {
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"family": "Myrtaceae",
"plantPart": "Buds",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"spicy",
"warm",
"intense"
],
"color": "#c96f4a",
"description": "Steam-distilled from dried buds. Eugenol dominates at very high levels, giving it the unmistakable warm spice character."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "eugenol",
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"min": 75,
"max": 85
}
},
{
"compoundId": "beta-caryophyllene",
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"min": 8,
"max": 15
}
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-humulene",
"range": {
"min": 2,
"max": 5
}
}
],
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"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
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},
{
"studyId": "halder-2011-clove-memory",
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},
{
"studyId": "halder-2012-clove-acute-cognition",
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},
{
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},
{
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
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},
{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
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},
{
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},
{
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{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
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},
{
"studyId": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"order": 1
}
],
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"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-needle-insertion-pain",
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}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
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"children": []
}
]
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},
{
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}
]
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{
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"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
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"use-8c630c19c498c8d47d0b4bc2"
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"children": []
},
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"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
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"use-2e121967f4419f4a0fd90a92"
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"children": []
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}
],
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
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"Seasonal room blends",
"Potpourri"
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}
},
{
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"record": {
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"family": "Rutaceae",
"plantPart": "Peel",
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"aroma": [
"citrus",
"sweet",
"juicy"
],
"color": "#f59e42",
"description": "Cold-pressed orange peel with a sweet citrus aroma and a typically limonene-rich volatile profile."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
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"min": 90,
"max": 95
}
},
{
"compoundId": "myrcene",
"range": {
"min": 2,
"max": 4
}
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
"range": {
"min": 0.5,
"max": 2
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
"chemical-sweet-orange-1",
"chemical-sweet-orange-2",
"chemical-sweet-orange-3"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "nascimento-2025-sweet-orange-labor",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx04",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx05",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "yang-2021-citrus-cleaning",
"order": 1
}
],
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"evidenceIds": [],
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"useNodeId": "health-mental-health",
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{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
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"use-01e934e5ff1084464b3c5fd1"
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
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}
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"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
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{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
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],
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}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning",
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"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-soil-removal",
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
}
],
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},
"legacy": {
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"Kitchen freshening",
"Cleaning blends"
],
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"enabled": true,
"availability": "unconfirmed",
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{
"qualityId": "calm",
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"summary": "Research relevant to the purported calm quality: a trial reported lower anxiety scores with sweet-orange essential-oil inhalation than a water control during labor.",
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"pmid": "39577393",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39577393/",
"limitations": "Single-blind trial in 84 participants at one center. The labor setting limits generalization, and the study does not establish safety of this spray during pregnancy or a general uplifting effect. The intervention was whole oil, not isolated limonene. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
}
],
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"dermalMaxSource": null,
"cautionThresholds": [],
"phototoxic": null,
"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
"petSafer": null,
"petSource": null,
"interactions": [],
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"legacySafetyNotes": "Mild phototoxicity risk; oxidized oil can irritate skin.",
"legacySafetyNotesVerified": false,
"researchGaps": [
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"Existing free-text phototoxicity and skin notes have not been validated for the supplied oil or the proposed formulation."
],
"relatedStudyIds": [],
"activeEvidenceSource": false
},
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "citronella",
"record": {
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"aroma": [
"citrus",
"lemony",
"sharp"
],
"color": "#b8c96f",
"description": "Steam-distilled Cymbopogon nardus leaves with a lemony, grassy aroma. Species and formula differences matter when comparing repellent studies."
},
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{
"compoundId": "citronellal",
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"max": 45
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},
{
"compoundId": "geraniol",
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"min": 18,
"max": 28
}
},
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
"range": {
"min": 5,
"max": 12
}
}
],
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"chemical-citronella-3"
],
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{
"studyId": "fradin-day-2002",
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},
{
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
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],
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"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
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}
]
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}
]
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]
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]
}
],
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"legacy": {
"uses": [
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"Patio candles",
"Travel spray"
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"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
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},
{
"id": "thyme",
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"name": "Thyme",
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"aroma": [
"medicinal",
"herbal",
"warm"
],
"color": "#8aa653",
"description": "Steam-distilled leaves and flowers. Thyme has several chemotypes; this catalog profile focuses on thymol-rich material."
},
"constituents": [
{
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"max": 55
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},
{
"compoundId": "carvacrol",
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"max": 15
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}
],
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"chemical-thyme-3",
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"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
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{
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
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{
"studyId": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
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{
"studyId": "anees-2026",
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{
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{
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{
"studyId": "composition-thyme-2016",
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{
"studyId": "composition-thyme-extract-2022",
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],
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{
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]
},
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"children": []
},
{
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"evidenceIds": [
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"children": [
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}
]
}
]
},
{
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"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
},
{
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}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-thyme-2024-cleaning-surface-disinfection"
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-air",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-thyme-2024-cleaning-air"
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"children": []
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
"legacySafety": "Potent; always dilute heavily. Avoid in pregnancy.",
"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
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"Diffusion",
"Research reference"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "oregano",
"record": {
"name": "Oregano",
"latinName": "Origanum vulgare",
"family": "Lamiaceae",
"plantPart": "Aerial parts",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"herbal",
"sharp",
"phenolic"
],
"color": "#71834c",
"description": "A strongly aromatic oil whose chemotype can be dominated by carvacrol or thymol, with p-cymene and gamma-terpinene commonly present."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "carvacrol",
"range": {
"min": 20,
"max": 80
},
"basis": "Chemotype-dependent published range"
},
{
"compoundId": "thymol",
"range": {
"min": 1,
"max": 25
},
"basis": "Chemotype-dependent published range"
},
{
"compoundId": "p-cymene",
"range": {
"min": 3,
"max": 20
},
"basis": "Chemotype-dependent published range"
},
{
"compoundId": "gamma-terpinene",
"range": {
"min": 2,
"max": 15
},
"basis": "Chemotype-dependent published range"
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],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
"chemical-oregano-1",
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"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"order": 1
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{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "gilling-2014",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "george-2026-fireant",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-oregano-2020",
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{
"studyId": "composition-oregano-extract-2021",
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{
"studyId": "oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces",
"order": 0
}
],
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},
{
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
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{
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
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"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-environmental-counts",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest",
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest-ants",
"evidenceIds": [
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]
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical",
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{
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"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
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"use-59b21ffccf48d0241cb69bff"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-98765689922acbe25e89e5f9"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces-cleaning-surface-disinfection"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
"Research on microbial and biofilm activity",
"Aromatic blends"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "lemongrass",
"record": {
"name": "Lemongrass",
"latinName": "Cymbopogon citratus",
"family": "Poaceae",
"plantPart": "Leaves",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"lemony",
"grassy",
"bright"
],
"color": "#cdd25f",
"description": "Steam-distilled Cymbopogon citratus leaves with an intense citral-associated lemon aroma. Studies of other Cymbopogon species are marked separately."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "citral",
"range": {
"min": 65,
"max": 85
}
},
{
"compoundId": "myrcene",
"range": {
"min": 10,
"max": 16
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
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"chemical-lemongrass-2",
"chemical-lemongrass-3"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "moore-darling-sihuincha-2007",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "akula-2021-lemongrass",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "smith-2011-labor",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "gaudet-2024-tickseeking",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-infusion-2014",
"order": 0
}
],
"uses": [
{
"useNodeId": "pest",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-7656e33f4a6572a2bb79e605"
],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes-repellency",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-160e2e095063e78514a4adf2"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest-flies",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-34edeab92e2daf2f70c3ef21"
],
"children": []
},
{
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"evidenceIds": [
"use-f85ec91d3314138aa67f7b7c"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-966e3641f89f43cc45cbb21f"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
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"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
},
{
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"use-bbb1149e389c26dca7e14790",
"use-36e24aa00fbe2ec7c57967c8"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin-inflammation",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-2253644fe96245d30d1acec9"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
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{
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"use-53cf391223b3c3d971b754cb"
],
"children": [
{
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"use-19784c7d312ab538858a625c"
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
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{
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{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
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"use-86414d359cece2126561532b"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-d52da0c0c598f78e83edc957"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
"Outdoor blends",
"Kitchen freshening",
"Cleaning blends"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"record": {
"name": "Lemon Eucalyptus",
"latinName": "Corymbia citriodora",
"family": "Myrtaceae",
"plantPart": "Leaves",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
"eucalyptus",
"clean"
],
"color": "#7fc8a9",
"description": "Steam-distilled Corymbia citriodora leaves with a citronellal-rich lemon aroma. Processed PMD-rich repellent material is different from this essential oil."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "citronellal",
"range": {
"min": 70,
"max": 85
}
},
{
"compoundId": "geraniol",
"range": {
"min": 4,
"max": 10
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
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"chemical-lemon-eucalyptus-2",
"chemical-lemon-eucalyptus-3"
],
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{
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"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2004",
"order": 0
}
],
"uses": [
{
"useNodeId": "pest",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-a4129e904c375c384e4a29c9"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"evidenceIds": [
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"use-a266c7a26c4deab88129a23f"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
"legacySafety": "For external use; keep away from eyes. PMD products: follow label age guidance.",
"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
"Outdoor blends",
"Travel spray",
"Research reference"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy",
"blend": {
"enabled": false,
"activeEvidenceSource": false
}
}
},
{
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"name": "Cinnamon Bark",
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"family": "Lauraceae",
"plantPart": "Bark",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"warm",
"woody",
"spicy"
],
"color": "#a95f45",
"description": "Bark essential oil is typically dominated by cinnamaldehyde. Composition varies by Cinnamomum species, origin, and extraction."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "cinnamaldehyde",
"range": {
"min": 55,
"max": 80
},
"basis": "Representative published bark-oil range; species and source dependent"
},
{
"compoundId": "eugenol",
"range": {
"min": 2,
"max": 10
},
"basis": "Representative bark-oil range; species and source dependent"
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [
"chemical-cinnamon-1",
"chemical-cinnamon-2"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "firmino-2018-cinnamon-biofilm",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "moridpour-2024-cinnamon",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"order": 0
}
],
"uses": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-5707787572dbabb40338fc57",
"use-903e6af8e242fd910e14e3ad"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"evidenceIds": [
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"use-9dc6141c760d4148272abd7d",
"use-fc8d7306d3c9b26c0e174b00"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-11fac7bdf825c0e258cda1e7"
],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-b7f8007ecbd326f9ed431ff7"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-3fcaa67dbf4a6847b1ad781f"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-metabolic",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-cbc3ddd1c4d0ca03cc97d12d"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "botanical",
"evidenceIds": [],
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{
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"children": [
{
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"use-888c9984d3c6fc7fb7e436d1"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
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"Research on microbial and biofilm activity"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "myrrh",
"record": {
"name": "Myrrh",
"latinName": "Commiphora myrrha",
"family": "Burseraceae",
"plantPart": "Oleo-gum-resin",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"resinous",
"earthy",
"warm"
],
"color": "#9b6545",
"description": "Resin-derived aromatic material rich in furanosesquiterpenes; chemical profile varies substantially by Commiphora species and extraction."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "furanoeudesma-1-3-diene",
"range": {
"min": 15,
"max": 45
},
"basis": "Representative literature range; highly source dependent"
},
{
"compoundId": "curzerene",
"range": {
"min": 5,
"max": 25
},
"basis": "Representative literature range; highly source dependent"
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "mahboubi-2016-myrrh-dermatophyte",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "alkanat-2023-frankincense-myrrh-backpain",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "ozdemir-2024-frankincense-myrrh-comfort",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "nialeila-2020-myrrh-frankincense-wound",
"order": 0
}
],
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"useNodeId": "microbial",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
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}
]
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{
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{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
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],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-7c3768bd42147e0661804499"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-wound",
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],
"children": []
}
]
}
],
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
"Resinous aromatic blends",
"Research on fungal activity"
],
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "rosemary",
"record": {
"aroma": [
"herbaceous",
"camphor",
"clear"
],
"color": "#6f9e7a",
"description": "Steam-distilled leaves with a herbal, camphoraceous aroma. Cineole, camphor and pinene proportions vary by chemotype and sample.",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"family": "Lamiaceae",
"latinName": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"name": "Rosemary",
"plantPart": "Leaves"
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "eucalyptol",
"range": {
"max": 50,
"min": 35
}
},
{
"compoundId": "camphor",
"range": {
"max": 25,
"min": 10
}
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
"range": {
"max": 20,
"min": 10
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "rosemary-students-2018",
"order": 0
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{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "najar-2022",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "holloway-2024-argentineant",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "mitra-2020-epa25b",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "panahi-2015-rosemary-alopecia",
"order": 0
}
],
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{
"useNodeId": "health",
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{
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-cb0c0554f97ab6b02ea9ccf1",
"use-093fa0bbb1a3be779eadeebf",
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"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-attention",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-b1841f45a8c9a4547e51d781"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-alertness",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-85134766b5c86bd66f4ddad5"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"evidenceIds": [
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],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-dbf2b8b16241b81f46882322"
],
"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin",
"evidenceIds": [],
"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin-scalp-hair",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-2315920aeeccb158c830a702"
],
"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial",
"evidenceIds": [],
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{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"evidenceIds": [
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"use-30e608f691b19b400c44736d",
"use-21ab51776e35041e03c10735"
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-textile-finishing",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-4e9df9039f75bdd4ba427406"
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
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"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest",
"evidenceIds": [],
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-ants",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-196a064983bf3438d09a6e62"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"evidenceIds": [
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"children": []
}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
"legacySafety": "Avoid in pregnancy and with epilepsy; may raise blood pressure.",
"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
},
"legacy": {
"uses": [
"Focus blends",
"Study blends",
"Morning diffusion"
],
"blend": {
"enabled": true,
"availability": "unconfirmed",
"qualityMappings": [
{
"qualityId": "focus",
"evidenceTier": "human clinical",
"summary": "Research relevant to the purported focus quality: rosemary whole-oil aroma improved some memory-quality measures and relative alertness in a laboratory study, but also slowed memory speed.",
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"pmid": "12690999",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/",
"limitations": "Mixed outcomes after a single brief exposure in healthy adults. Better results on some tasks do not establish general cognitive enhancement. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
},
{
"qualityId": "focus",
"evidenceTier": "human clinical",
"summary": "Research relevant to the purported focus quality: after rosemary whole-oil aroma exposure, blood 1,8-cineole levels correlated with performance on some cognitive tasks.",
"studyId": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"pmid": "23983963",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983963/",
"limitations": "Small correlational study of 20 volunteers. The exposure was whole rosemary oil; measuring one constituent does not establish that isolated 1,8-cineole caused the results, or that other oils containing it have the same effect. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
},
{
"qualityId": "uplifting",
"evidenceTier": "human clinical",
"summary": "Research relevant to the purported uplifting quality: the rosemary-aroma group reported greater contentment than the no-aroma control group after cognitive testing.",
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"pmid": "12690999",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/",
"limitations": "Subjective mood finding from one short laboratory exposure in healthy adults, alongside mixed cognitive outcomes. This is not evidence for treatment of a mood condition or a lasting change in mood. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
}
],
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"cautionThresholds": [],
"phototoxic": null,
"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
"petSafer": null,
"petSource": null,
"interactions": [],
"safetyReviewStatus": "unverified",
"legacySafetyNotes": "Avoid in pregnancy and with epilepsy; may raise blood pressure.",
"legacySafetyNotesVerified": false,
"researchGaps": [
"Studies of swallowed rosemary leaf or powder are not treated as evidence for rosemary essential oil in a spray.",
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],
"relatedStudyIds": [],
"activeEvidenceSource": false
},
"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
}
},
{
"id": "pine",
"record": {
"name": "Scots Pine",
"latinName": "Pinus sylvestris",
"family": "Pinaceae",
"plantPart": "Needles and twigs",
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"aroma": [
"pine",
"resinous",
"fresh"
],
"color": "#4e7d5b",
"description": "Steam-distilled Pinus sylvestris needles and twigs with a resinous, forest-like aroma and a pinene-rich volatile profile."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
"range": {
"min": 35,
"max": 50
}
},
{
"compoundId": "beta-pinene",
"range": {
"min": 12,
"max": 22
}
},
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
"range": {
"min": 4,
"max": 10
}
}
],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"order": 0
}
],
"uses": [
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{
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"floral",
"sweet"
],
"color": "#b98a9e",
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{
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},
{
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"balsamic",
"mild"
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"color": "#a08b6d",
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}
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{
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"family": "Rutaceae",
"plantPart": "Peel",
"extraction": "Cold-pressed",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
"fresh",
"bitter"
],
"color": "#f0d060",
"description": "Cold-pressed peel with a bright, slightly bitter citrus aroma. Whole-oil research is distinguished from isolated nootkatone experiments."
},
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},
{
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}
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}
}
},
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"plantPart": "Flowering tops",
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"herbaceous",
"floral",
"musky"
],
"color": "#8a9ec9",
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},
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{
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"max": 75
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},
{
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}
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},
{
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"rosy",
"floral",
"green"
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"color": "#c9758f",
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"constituents": [
{
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"min": 25,
"max": 40
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},
{
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{
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],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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}
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}
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},
{
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"aroma": [
"herbaceous",
"camphor"
],
"color": "#7d9b6a",
"description": "Steam-distilled Vitex negundo leaves with a herbal, woody aroma. The linked research identifies the tested species and preparation."
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{
"compoundId": "eucalyptol",
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"min": 15,
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},
{
"compoundId": "beta-caryophyllene",
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{
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes-larvicide",
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]
}
]
}
],
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}
},
{
"id": "bergamot",
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"name": "Bergamot",
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"family": "Rutaceae",
"plantPart": "Peel",
"extraction": "Cold-pressed",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
"floral",
"sweet"
],
"color": "#d4b855",
"description": "Cold-pressed peel with a citrus, floral aroma. Limonene, linalyl acetate and linalool contribute to the studied volatile profile."
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{
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"min": 35,
"max": 50
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},
{
"compoundId": "linalyl-acetate",
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"min": 22,
"max": 36
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},
{
"compoundId": "linalool",
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"min": 3,
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"basis": "ISO 3520 Calabrian-type specification"
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],
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
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{
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}
]
}
],
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{
"qualityId": "calm",
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"summary": "Research relevant to the purported calm quality: students using bergamot whole-oil aroma stones reported lower state-anxiety scores before examinations than students using water stones.",
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"pmid": "42755326",
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"supportsSuggestion": true
},
{
"qualityId": "uplifting",
"evidenceTier": "human clinical",
"summary": "Research relevant to the purported uplifting quality: the bergamot-aroma group had higher subjective-happiness scores on the day before the exam; broader depression, anxiety and stress scores did not differ significantly between groups.",
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"limitations": "Secondary, time-specific self-reported finding in a small open-label student trial. It does not establish a general or lasting mood benefit. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
}
],
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"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
"petSafer": null,
"petSource": null,
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],
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},
{
"id": "ylang-ylang",
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"plantPart": "Flowers",
"extraction": "Steam distillation",
"aroma": [
"floral",
"sweet",
"exotic"
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{
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}
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}
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},
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"camphor",
"fresh",
"medicinal"
],
"color": "#6fa87c",
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},
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{
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"min": 25,
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},
{
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}
}
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],
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"activeEvidenceSource": false
}
}
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"camphor",
"fresh",
"eucalyptus"
],
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},
{
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"herbal",
"resinous",
"citrus",
"pine"
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},
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{
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"min": 10,
"max": 35
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"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
},
{
"compoundId": "beta-caryophyllene",
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"min": 5,
"max": 25
},
"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
},
{
"compoundId": "limonene",
"range": {
"min": 2,
"max": 15
},
"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
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"min": 1,
"max": 10
},
"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
},
{
"compoundId": "beta-pinene",
"range": {
"min": 1,
"max": 8
},
"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-humulene",
"range": {
"min": 1,
"max": 8
},
"basis": "Representative cultivar-dependent volatile profile range"
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],
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"chemical-cannabis-3"
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"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
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]
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}
]
}
]
}
],
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"reviewStatus": "unreviewed"
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"Terpene chemistry"
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"usesVerification": "unverified-legacy"
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},
{
"id": "cedarwood-atlas",
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"family": "Pinaceae",
"plantPart": "Wood",
"extraction": "Distillation",
"aroma": [
"woody",
"dry",
"warm"
],
"color": "#a17751",
"description": "Distilled Atlas cedar wood with a warm, woody aroma. Distinct from Virginia cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana)."
},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "beta-himachalene",
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"max": 28.99
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"status": "quantified",
"sourceIds": [
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"material": "Essential oil",
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"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS peak area",
"basis": "Reported chromatographic area percentage in this source sample only; not a supplier specification."
},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-himachalene",
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"min": 14.43,
"max": 14.43
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"status": "quantified",
"sourceIds": [
"atlas-cedar-2023-composition"
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"material": "Essential oil",
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"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
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"basis": "Reported chromatographic area percentage in this source sample only; not a supplier specification."
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],
"chemicalEvidenceIds": [],
"studyLinks": [
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},
{
"studyId": "martins-2015-atlas-cedar-pain",
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{
"studyId": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
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}
],
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}
]
}
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},
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},
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}
]
},
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{
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}
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"useNodeId": "pest",
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"useNodeId": "pest-plant-bugs",
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}
]
}
],
"precautions": {
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"legacy": {
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}
},
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"clinicalTransfer": "No tested concentration is adopted as a safe blend limit."
}
},
{
"id": "chamomile-german",
"record": {
"name": "Chamomile (German)",
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"family": "Asteraceae",
"plantPart": "Flower heads",
"extraction": "Distillation",
"aroma": [
"herbal",
"sweet",
"hay"
],
"color": "#738db8",
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},
"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "alpha-bisabolol",
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"status": "reported-unquantified",
"sourceIds": [
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"material": "Essential oil",
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"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
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"basis": "Presence reported; no catalog-wide percentage inferred."
},
{
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"sourceIds": [
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"basis": "Presence reported; no catalog-wide percentage inferred."
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],
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"studyId": "can-2012-german-chamomile-behavior",
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{
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}
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]
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]
},
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],
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],
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}
},
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"scope": "Primary composition and biological studies, including clinical trials when found. Species, preparation, route, model, outcome and limitations checked independently. Not an exhaustive systematic review or finished-product safety assessment.",
"clinicalTransfer": "No tested concentration is adopted as a safe blend limit."
}
},
{
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"apple",
"floral",
"soft"
],
"color": "#b4af68",
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},
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{
"compoundId": "isobutyl-angelate",
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},
{
"compoundId": "alpha-pinene",
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"min": 2.4,
"max": 2.4
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"roman-chamomile-2018-composition"
],
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],
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"studyId": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "el-assri-2025-roman-chamomile-bioactivity",
"order": 0
}
],
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"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
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"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
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}
]
}
]
},
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"useNodeId": "health-digestive",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-smooth-muscle",
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}
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}
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{
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
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"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "pest",
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-beetles",
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{
"useNodeId": "pest-beetles-callosobruchus-maculatus",
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}
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}
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],
"sensitizationNotes": "Finished-product sensitization, concentration and pet suitability have not been assessed for this oil."
}
},
"researchReview": {
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"scope": "Primary composition and biological studies, including clinical trials when found. Species, preparation, route, model, outcome and limitations checked independently. Not an exhaustive systematic review or finished-product safety assessment.",
"clinicalTransfer": "No tested concentration is adopted as a safe blend limit."
}
},
{
"id": "sandalwood",
"record": {
"name": "Sandalwood",
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"family": "Santalaceae",
"plantPart": "Heartwood",
"extraction": "Distillation",
"aroma": [
"woody",
"creamy",
"soft"
],
"color": "#b59a71",
"description": "Distilled East Indian sandalwood heartwood. Its santalol-rich profile is distinct from Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum)."
},
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{
"compoundId": "alpha-santalol",
"range": {
"min": 49,
"max": 49
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"sandalwood-2017-composition"
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"material": "Essential oil",
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"method": "Supplier certificate of analysis",
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},
{
"compoundId": "beta-santalol",
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"min": 20.8,
"max": 20.8
},
"status": "quantified",
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"sandalwood-2017-composition"
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"extraction": "distillation",
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],
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{
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2004-sandalwood",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "moy-2012-sandalwood-acne-regimen",
"order": 0
}
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{
"useNodeId": "health",
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{
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-sandalwood-14765284-410"
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"children": []
}
]
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-sandalwood-14765284-411"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin",
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"children": [
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin-psoriasis",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-sandalwood-28360856-413",
"use-sandalwood-28360856-414-lab"
],
"children": []
},
{
"useNodeId": "health-skin-acne",
"evidenceIds": [
"use-sandalwood-23377508-425"
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"children": []
}
]
}
]
},
{
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{
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
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}
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}
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}
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},
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"No safe finished-product concentration is inferred from these studies."
],
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}
},
"researchReview": {
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"scope": "Primary composition and biological studies, including clinical trials when found. Species, preparation, route, model, outcome and limitations checked independently. Not an exhaustive systematic review or finished-product safety assessment.",
"clinicalTransfer": "No tested concentration is adopted as a safe blend limit."
}
},
{
"id": "ginger",
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"name": "Ginger",
"latinName": "Zingiber officinale",
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"plantPart": "Rhizome",
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"aroma": [
"spicy",
"warm",
"woody"
],
"color": "#bd9148",
"description": "Distilled ginger rhizome with a warm, spicy aroma. Essential oil is a different preparation from ginger powder, tea and CO₂ extracts."
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"constituents": [
{
"compoundId": "zingiberene",
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"max": 35.651
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"ginger-2020-distilled-composition"
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"method": "GC-MS peak area",
"basis": "Reported chromatographic area percentage in this source sample only; not a supplier specification."
},
{
"compoundId": "geraniol",
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"min": 1.382,
"max": 1.382
},
"status": "quantified",
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"ginger-2020-distilled-composition"
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],
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"studyId": "lee-2017-ginger-postoperative",
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"studyId": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
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"studyId": "sforza-2023-ginger-postoperative",
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"studyId": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
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}
}
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"id": "limonene",
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"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
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"citrus"
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{
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
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{
"studyId": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
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{
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
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{
"studyId": "lemon-test-anxiety-2022",
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{
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{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
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{
"studyId": "pellegrini-2023",
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{
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
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{
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
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{
"studyId": "nascimento-2025-sweet-orange-labor",
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{
"studyId": "wakui-2026-bergamot-exam-anxiety",
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{
"studyId": "frank-2009-frankincense-bladder-cancer",
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{
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{
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{
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
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{
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
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}
},
{
"id": "linalool",
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"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"floral",
"soft"
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"description": "A floral-scented monoterpenoid alcohol found in lavender and many other aromatic plants.",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
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{
"studyId": "wakui-2026-bergamot-exam-anxiety",
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{
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2006-ylang-ylang-transdermal",
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{
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{
"studyId": "sienkiewicz-2014-geranium-wound-bacteria",
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{
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
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{
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
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{
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{
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
"id": "linalyl-acetate",
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{
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{
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{
"studyId": "composition-oregano-2020",
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{
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{
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{
"studyId": "composition-cx21",
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},
{
"id": "menthol",
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"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H20O",
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"mint",
"cooling"
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{
"studyId": "khanna-macdonald-levesque-2014",
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{
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
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{
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
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{
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
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{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
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{
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
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},
{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
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{
"studyId": "menthol-migraine-2010",
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},
{
"studyId": "anderson-2004-ponv",
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{
"studyId": "holloway-2024-argentineant",
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{
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
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}
],
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}
},
{
"id": "menthone",
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"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"minty",
"fresh"
],
"description": "Peppermint's secondary ketone; adds the sharp, fresh mint edge beneath menthol.",
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"formula": "C10H18O",
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"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "eucalyptol",
"name": "Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole)",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"camphor"
],
"description": "Also called 1,8-cineole, a cyclic monoterpenoid ether found in eucalyptus and other oils. Oral compound studies are distinguished from whole-oil research.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "juergens-2003-cineole",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "schnitzler-schon-2001",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "cineole-copd-2009",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cineole-rhinosinusitis-2004",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cineole-bronchitis-2013",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cineole-asthma-2012",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "najar-2022",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"order": 4
},
{
"studyId": "chandrasekaran-2019-vitex",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "mitra-2020-epa25b",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "fikry-2025-niaouli-lung-cancer",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2758",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"pubchemCid": 2758,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "terpinen-4-ol",
"name": "Terpinen-4-ol",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"peppery",
"green"
],
"description": "A monoterpenoid alcohol characteristic of tea tree oil. Isolated-compound findings do not establish the effect of an arbitrary oil blend.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "carson-2006-teatree",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "bassett-pannowitz-barnetson-1990",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "buck-nidorf-addino-1994",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "schnitzler-schon-2001",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "tea-tree-dandruff-2002",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "tea-tree-acne-2007",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "washing-liquids-eo-2011",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "tea-tree-systematic-review-2000",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "satchell-2002-tinea",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "tuan-2025",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "francisconi-2020",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "garozzo-2009",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "walton-2004-scabies",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"order": 3
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11230",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"pubchemCid": 11230,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "alpha-pinene",
"name": "Alpha-Pinene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
"aroma": [
"pine",
"resinous"
],
"description": "A bicyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon associated with pine-like aroma and reported in many conifer and resin oils.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "fikry-2025-niaouli-lung-cancer",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "frank-2009-frankincense-bladder-cancer",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6654",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16",
"pubchemCid": 6654,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "beta-pinene",
"name": "Beta-Pinene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
"aroma": [
"woody",
"pine"
],
"description": "Alpha-pinene's close relative; contributes dry woody notes to citrus and conifer oils.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpenes-review-2020",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14896",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16",
"pubchemCid": 14896,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "beta-caryophyllene",
"name": "Beta-Caryophyllene",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H24",
"aroma": [
"spicy",
"woody"
],
"description": "A dietary sesquiterpene (also in black pepper) notable for interacting with CB2 receptors. Found in clove, copaiba, and lavender.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "gertsch-2008-caryophyllene",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "chandrasekaran-2019-vitex",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"order": 5
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"order": 5
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281515",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24",
"pubchemCid": 5281515,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "eugenol",
"name": "Eugenol",
"chemicalClass": "Phenylpropanoid",
"formula": "C10H12O2",
"aroma": [
"clove",
"warm spice"
],
"description": "A warm, spicy compound reported in clove bud oil. Long used in dentistry; potent, so dilution matters. Not a terpene: a phenylpropanoid.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "alqareer-alyahya-andersson-2006",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "ribeiro-2024-eugenol-antibiofilm-review",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "halder-2011-clove-memory",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "halder-2012-clove-acute-cognition",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "eugenol-2021-memory-neurogenesis",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3314",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H12O2",
"pubchemCid": 3314,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "gamma-terpinene",
"name": "Gamma-Terpinene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
"aroma": [
"citrusy",
"herbal"
],
"description": "Common citrus and tea-tree constituent; contributes fresh herbal lift.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"order": 2
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7461",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16",
"pubchemCid": 7461,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "alpha-terpinene",
"name": "Alpha-Terpinene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
"aroma": [
"woody",
"citrus"
],
"description": "Tea tree and citrus constituent with a warm woody-citrus character.",
"studyLinks": [],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7462",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16",
"pubchemCid": 7462,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "alpha-humulene",
"name": "Alpha-Humulene",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H24",
"aroma": [
"woody",
"earthy"
],
"description": "Sesquiterpene in clove and hops; adds earthy depth.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpenes-review-2020",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"order": 6
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"order": 6
},
{
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281520",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24",
"pubchemCid": 5281520,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "myrcene",
"name": "Myrcene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H16",
"aroma": [
"herbal",
"balsamic"
],
"description": "Common in citrus, hops, and cannabis; soft herbal-balsamic background note.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/31253",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16",
"pubchemCid": 31253,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "citronellal",
"name": "Citronellal",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
"lemon"
],
"description": "A lemon-scented monoterpenoid with an aldehyde group, reported in citronella and lemon eucalyptus oils.",
"functionalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"sourceIds": [
"chebi-citronellal"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "fradin-day-2002",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cai-2025-dustmite",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx01",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7794",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"pubchemCid": 7794,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "geraniol",
"name": "Geraniol",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"aroma": [
"rosy",
"citronella"
],
"description": "Floral-rosy alcohol common in citronella, geranium, and palmarosa.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "gaudet-2024-tickseeking",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "sienkiewicz-2014-geranium-wound-bacteria",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "cannabis-terpenes-review-2020",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637566",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H18O",
"pubchemCid": 637566,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "thymol",
"name": "Thymol",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H14O",
"aroma": [
"medicinal",
"herbal"
],
"description": "A monoterpenoid phenol found in thymol-type thyme oils. Laboratory findings depend on the tested material and concentration.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "semeniuc-2017",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6989",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H14O",
"pubchemCid": 6989,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "carvacrol",
"name": "Carvacrol",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H14O",
"aroma": [
"warm",
"spicy"
],
"description": "Oregano signature phenol with broad documented in-vitro antibacterial activity.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "carvacrol-asthma-2021",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "carvacrol-asthma-phase2-2018",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "carvacrol-safety-2021",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "gilling-2014",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "george-2026-fireant",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "schulze-2011-ticks",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10364",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H14O",
"pubchemCid": 10364,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "cinnamaldehyde",
"name": "Cinnamaldehyde",
"chemicalClass": "Phenylpropanoid",
"formula": "C9H8O",
"aroma": [
"cinnamon",
"warm"
],
"description": "A cinnamon-scented phenylpropanoid with an aldehyde group, reported in cinnamon bark oil.",
"functionalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"sourceIds": [
"chebi-cinnamaldehyde"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "firmino-2018-cinnamon-biofilm",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "moridpour-2024-cinnamon",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637511",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C9H8O",
"pubchemCid": 637511,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "citral",
"name": "Citral",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H16O",
"aroma": [
"lemony",
"sharp"
],
"description": "A mixture of geranial and neral, two monoterpenoid aldehydes associated with the lemony aroma of lemongrass.",
"functionalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"aliases": [
"geranial",
"neral"
],
"sourceIds": [
"pubchem-citral"
],
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "akula-2021-lemongrass",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "pellegrini-2023",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"order": 3
},
{
"studyId": "gaudet-2024-tickseeking",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-thyme-2016",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx01",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx05",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx10",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx16",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638011",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16O",
"pubchemCid": 638011,
"scope": "Citral comprises geranial and neral; the reference is geranial. Both isomers share this formula. Not a single-structure identity claim for the mixture."
}
},
{
"id": "pmd",
"name": "PMD (p-menthane-3,8-diol)",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H20O2",
"aroma": [
"minty",
"fresh"
],
"description": "p-Menthane-3,8-diol, an oxygenated monoterpenoid used in specific repellent preparations. PMD-rich processed material is distinct from unrefined lemon-eucalyptus oil.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "jaenson-garboui-palsson-2006",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "moore-darling-sihuincha-2007",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/556998",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H20O2",
"pubchemCid": 556998,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "p-cymene",
"name": "p-Cymene",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpene",
"formula": "C10H14",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
"herbal",
"woody"
],
"description": "A common aromatic monoterpene in oregano and thyme oils and a biosynthetic relative of carvacrol and thymol.",
"studyLinks": [],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7463",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H14",
"pubchemCid": 7463,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "furanoeudesma-1-3-diene",
"name": "Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene",
"chemicalClass": "Furanosesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H18O",
"aroma": [
"resinous",
"myrrh"
],
"description": "A characteristic furanosesquiterpene reported in Commiphora myrrh preparations.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "mahboubi-2016-myrrh-dermatophyte",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13874240",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H18O",
"pubchemCid": 13874240,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "curzerene",
"name": "Curzerene",
"chemicalClass": "Furanosesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H20O",
"aroma": [
"resinous",
"warm"
],
"description": "A furanosesquiterpene reported in myrrh and other aromatic botanicals.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "mahboubi-2016-myrrh-dermatophyte",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C17910097",
"provider": "NIST Chemistry WebBook",
"formula": "C15H20O",
"inchiKey": "HICAMHOOTMOHPA-DZGCQCFKSA-N",
"scope": "CAS 17910-09-7. PubChem name search returned CID 165365640 with conflicting hydrogenation; NIST confirms the retained formula. No batch stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"aroma": [
"camphor",
"sharp"
],
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"description": "A bicyclic monoterpenoid ketone with a strong camphoraceous aroma. Its proportion varies markedly across botanical chemotypes.",
"formula": "C10H16O",
"id": "camphor",
"name": "Camphor",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "mitra-2020-epa25b",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"order": 2
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2537",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H16O",
"pubchemCid": 2537,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "nootkatone",
"name": "Nootkatone",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpenoid",
"formula": "C15H22O",
"aroma": [
"grapefruit",
"woody"
],
"description": "A sesquiterpenoid ketone associated with grapefruit aroma. Repellent studies of isolated nootkatone do not establish protection from grapefruit oil.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "schulze-2011-ticks",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1268142",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H22O",
"pubchemCid": 1268142,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "citronellol",
"name": "Citronellol",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"formula": "C10H20O",
"aroma": [
"rosy",
"citronella"
],
"description": "Rosy alcohol prominent in geranium and citronella; softer counterpart to citronellal.",
"studyLinks": [],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8842",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C10H20O",
"pubchemCid": 8842,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "prenylthiol",
"name": "3-Methyl-2-butene-1-thiol",
"aliases": [
"prenylthiol",
"3-methylbut-2-ene-1-thiol"
],
"chemicalClass": "Organosulfur compound",
"functionalGroups": [
"thiol"
],
"formula": "C5H10S",
"aroma": [
"sulfurous",
"skunky"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"description": "A trace thiol associated with skunky aroma in studied cannabis flowers and concentrated extracts. These findings do not describe a steam-distilled oil or the finished Sunny's Shield formula.",
"sourceIds": [
"oswald-2021",
"cx02"
],
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "cannabis-sulfur-aroma-2021",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx02",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/146586",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C5H10S",
"pubchemCid": 146586,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "cannflavin-a",
"name": "Cannflavin A",
"chemicalClass": "Flavonoid",
"functionalGroups": [],
"formula": "C26H28O6",
"aroma": [
"Not generally an aroma molecule"
],
"volatility": "typically nonvolatile",
"description": "A geranylated flavone reported in Cannabis sativa plant material. It is included as broader botanical chemistry, separate from volatile-oil composition.",
"sourceIds": [
"bautista-2021"
],
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "cannflavins-review-2021",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10071695",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C26H28O6",
"pubchemCid": 10071695,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "menthyl-acetate",
"name": "Menthyl acetate",
"formula": "C12H22O2",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"functionalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"aroma": [
"Aroma not summarized in this record"
],
"description": "A monoterpenoid ester reported in the linked essential-oil analyses. See material-specific records for sample and method.",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/27867",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C12H22O2",
"pubchemCid": 27867,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "geranyl-acetate",
"name": "Geranyl acetate",
"formula": "C12H20O2",
"chemicalClass": "Monoterpenoid",
"functionalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"aroma": [
"Aroma not summarized in this record"
],
"description": "A monoterpenoid ester reported in the linked essential-oil analyses. See material-specific records for sample and method.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"order": 2
},
{
"studyId": "composition-thyme-2016",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx01",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx11",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"order": 1
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx19",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1549026",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C12H20O2",
"pubchemCid": 1549026,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "grapefruit-thiol",
"name": "4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanol",
"aliases": [
"grapefruit thiol"
],
"formula": "C6H14OS",
"chemicalClass": "Organosulfur compound",
"functionalGroups": [
"thiol"
],
"aroma": [
"Low aroma activity in the studied grapefruit oil"
],
"volatility": "volatile",
"description": "A thiol reported in the aroma analysis of cold-pressed grapefruit oil. Its sample-specific sensory activity is not a composition percentage.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "composition-cx07",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6429308",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C6H14OS",
"pubchemCid": 6429308,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "nobiletin",
"name": "Nobiletin",
"formula": "C21H22O8",
"chemicalClass": "Flavonoid",
"functionalGroups": [],
"aroma": [
"Not generally an aroma molecule"
],
"volatility": "typically nonvolatile",
"description": "A polymethoxyflavone reported in nonvolatile fractions of cold-pressed citrus oils. It is kept separate from volatile aroma fingerprints.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx04",
"cx08",
"cx09"
],
"showModel": false,
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "composition-cx04",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx08",
"order": 0
},
{
"studyId": "composition-cx09",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/72344",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C21H22O8",
"pubchemCid": 72344,
"scope": "Name/formula cross-check only; no concentration, batch composition or stereochemistry is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "beta-himachalene",
"name": "β-Himachalene",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H24",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A sesquiterpene hydrocarbon identified in Atlas cedarwood oil.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11586487",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24",
"pubchemCid": 11586487,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "alpha-himachalene",
"name": "α-Himachalene",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H24",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A himachalene isomer identified in Atlas cedarwood volatile profiles.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/520909",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24",
"pubchemCid": 520909,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "alpha-bisabolol",
"name": "α-Bisabolol",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpenoid",
"formula": "C15H26O",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A sesquiterpene alcohol reported in German chamomile. Isomers and amounts vary between samples.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "ghassemi-2016-german-chamomile-composition",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10586",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H26O",
"pubchemCid": 10586,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "chamazulene",
"name": "Chamazulene",
"chemicalClass": "Norsesquiterpene",
"formula": "C14H16",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A blue azulene derivative formed from plant precursors during distillation of German chamomile; it has fourteen carbon atoms.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "ghassemi-2016-german-chamomile-composition",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10719",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C14H16",
"pubchemCid": 10719,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "isobutyl-angelate",
"name": "Isobutyl angelate",
"chemicalClass": "Aliphatic ester",
"formula": "C9H16O2",
"aroma": [],
"description": "An angelic-acid ester identified in Roman chamomile oil. It is not a terpene.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5367807",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C9H16O2",
"pubchemCid": 5367807,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
},
"functionalGroups": [
"ester"
]
},
{
"id": "alpha-santalol",
"name": "α-Santalol",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpenoid",
"formula": "C15H24O",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A sesquiterpene alcohol prominent in East Indian sandalwood oil. Isolated-compound experiments are distinct from whole-oil studies.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11085337",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24O",
"pubchemCid": 11085337,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "beta-santalol",
"name": "β-Santalol",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpenoid",
"formula": "C15H24O",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A sesquiterpene alcohol measured alongside α-santalol in Santalum album oil.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"order": 1
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6857681",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24O",
"pubchemCid": 6857681,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
},
{
"id": "zingiberene",
"name": "Zingiberene",
"chemicalClass": "Sesquiterpene",
"formula": "C15H24",
"aroma": [],
"description": "A sesquiterpene hydrocarbon identified in distilled ginger rhizome oil.",
"studyLinks": [
{
"studyId": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
"order": 0
}
],
"identityReview": {
"status": "formula-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92776",
"provider": "PubChem",
"formula": "C15H24",
"pubchemCid": 92776,
"scope": "Name and formula checked. Reference identity does not establish stereochemistry or concentration in any oil batch."
}
}
],
"studies": [
{
"id": "komori-1995-citrus",
"title": "Effects of citrus fragrance on immune function and depressive states",
"authors": "Komori T, Fujiwara R, Tanida M, Nomura J, Yokoyama MM",
"journal": "Neuroimmunomodulation",
"year": 1995,
"pubmedId": "8646568",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8646568/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "Citrus fragrance was studied in 12 patients with depression; reduced antidepressant requirements and changes in neuroendocrine and immune measures were reported.",
"limitations": "Small study; the abstract does not establish a single catalog oil, a blinded placebo comparison or benefit from a custom blend. Medication changes were study outcomes, not self-care instructions.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-mood"
],
"doi": "10.1159/000096889",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8646568+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effects of citrus fragrance on immune function and depressive states",
"doi": "10.1159/000096889",
"pubmedId": "8646568",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8646568/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "kasper-2010-silexan",
"title": "Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of 'subsyndromal' anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial",
"authors": "Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Dienel A, Schläfke S",
"journal": "International clinical psychopharmacology",
"year": 2010,
"pubmedId": "20512042",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "In 221 adults, a defined oral lavender-oil preparation (80 mg/day for 10 weeks) improved anxiety and sleep scores more than placebo.",
"limitations": "Specific oral capsule preparation and patient population; not evidence for inhaled, topical or custom-blended lavender.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety",
"health-mental-health-sleep"
],
"doi": "10.1097/yic.0b013e32833b3242",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20512042+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of 'subsyndromal' anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1097/yic.0b013e32833b3242",
"pubmedId": "20512042",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "carson-2006-teatree",
"title": "Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties",
"authors": "Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV",
"journal": "Clinical microbiology reviews",
"year": 2006,
"pubmedId": "16418522",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418522/",
"studyType": "narrative-review",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"finding": "Comprehensive review documenting tea tree oil's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, attributed largely to terpinen-4-ol.",
"limitations": "Review of mostly in-vitro work; not clinical efficacy evidence.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi"
],
"doi": "10.1128/cmr.19.1.50-62.2006",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16418522+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties",
"doi": "10.1128/cmr.19.1.50-62.2006",
"pubmedId": "16418522",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418522/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "juergens-2003-cineole",
"title": "Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial",
"authors": "Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, Gillissen A, Repges R, Vetter H",
"journal": "Respiratory medicine",
"year": 2003,
"pubmedId": "12645832",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12645832/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "In 32 steroid-dependent asthma patients, oral 1,8-cineole capsules reduced prednisolone requirements more than placebo during a supervised 12-week trial.",
"limitations": "Isolated cineole, 200 mg three times daily alongside treatment; not eucalyptus-oil inhalation or evidence for a spray. The study does not support self-directed steroid reduction.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory"
],
"doi": "10.1053/rmed.2003.1432",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1053%2Frmed.2003.1432%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1053/rmed.2003.1432",
"pubmedId": "12645832",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12645832/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12645832/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "gertsch-2008-caryophyllene",
"title": "Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid",
"authors": "Gertsch J, Leonti M, Raduner S, et al.",
"journal": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
"year": 2008,
"pubmedId": "18574142",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18574142/",
"studyType": "mechanistic-study",
"context": "animal",
"evidenceLevel": "preclinical",
"finding": "Beta-caryophyllene was identified as a selective CB2 receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory effects in animal models.",
"limitations": "Cannabis oil was tested in receptor assays. The mouse inflammation experiment used isolated beta-caryophyllene, not cannabis oil.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation",
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"botanical-bioactivity-cannabinoid-receptor-activity"
],
"doi": "10.1073/pnas.0803601105",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18574142+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid",
"doi": "10.1073/pnas.0803601105",
"pubmedId": "18574142",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/",
"scope": "Cannabis whole-oil receptor assays separated from isolated beta-caryophyllene mouse inflammation experiments."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18574142/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/"
},
{
"id": "lillehei-halcon-2014",
"title": "A Systematic Review of the Effect of Inhaled Essential Oils on Sleep",
"authors": "Lillehei AS, Halcon LL",
"journal": "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2013.0311",
"pubmedId": "24720812",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720812/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Across 15 studies, the majority reported improved sleep with inhaled essential oils, most commonly lavender, and no adverse events were reported.",
"limitations": "Small sample sizes across included studies; stronger study designs needed (per the authors).",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-sleep"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24720812+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "A systematic review of the effect of inhaled essential oils on sleep",
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2013.0311",
"pubmedId": "24720812",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720812/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "khanna-macdonald-levesque-2014",
"title": "Peppermint Oil for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis",
"authors": "Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG",
"journal": "Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182a88357",
"pubmedId": "24100754",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24100754/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": 726,
"finding": "Peppermint oil outperformed placebo for global IBS symptoms (RR 2.23) and abdominal pain (RR 2.14) across 726 patients, with mild transient adverse events.",
"limitations": "Substantial heterogeneity among trials; adverse events sparsely reported.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-ibs",
"health-digestive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24100754+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
"doi": "10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182a88357",
"pubmedId": "24100754",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24100754/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "bassett-pannowitz-barnetson-1990",
"title": "A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne",
"authors": "Bassett IB, Pannowitz DL, Barnetson RS",
"journal": "Medical Journal of Australia",
"year": 1990,
"doi": "10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126150.x",
"pubmedId": "2145499",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2145499/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 124,
"finding": "Both 5% tea tree oil gel and 5% benzoyl peroxide significantly reduced inflamed and non-inflamed acne lesions over three months, with tea tree showing slower onset but fewer side effects.",
"limitations": "Single-blind design; older trial; acne lesion counts are observer-dependent.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin-acne"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A2145499+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne",
"doi": "10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb126150.x",
"pubmedId": "2145499",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2145499/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "fradin-day-2002",
"title": "Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites",
"authors": "Fradin MS, Day JF",
"journal": "New England Journal of Medicine",
"year": 2002,
"doi": "10.1056/nejmoa011699",
"pubmedId": "12097535",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097535/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 15,
"finding": "In 15 volunteers, 23.8% DEET averaged 301.5 minutes of protection and a soybean-oil product 94.6 minutes. Other tested botanical products, including citronella formulations, averaged under 20 minutes.",
"limitations": "Historical comparison of specific products and conditions; not a verdict on every botanical repellent. Citronella formulations do not authenticate a C. nardus-only oil or a custom blend.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes-repellency"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12097535+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites",
"doi": "10.1056/nejmoa011699",
"pubmedId": "12097535",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097535/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"title": "Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters",
"authors": "Göbel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D",
"journal": "Cephalalgia",
"year": 1994,
"doi": "10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.014003228.x",
"pubmedId": "7954745",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 32,
"finding": "Peppermint oil with ethanol significantly reduced headache sensitivity (analgesic effect), while the peppermint-eucalyptus-ethanol combination improved cognitive performance with a muscle-relaxing effect.",
"limitations": "Small sample (n=32); laboratory algesimetric measures rather than real-world headache outcomes.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation-headache",
"health-cognitive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A7954745+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters",
"doi": "10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.014003228.x",
"pubmedId": "7954745",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "alqareer-alyahya-andersson-2006",
"title": "The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics",
"authors": "Alqareer A, Alyahya A, Andersson L",
"journal": "Journal of Dentistry",
"year": 2006,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jdent.2006.01.009",
"pubmedId": "16530911",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16530911/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 73,
"finding": "In 73 healthy volunteers, ground-clove gel and benzocaine reduced dental needle-insertion pain relative to placebo; the active groups did not differ significantly.",
"limitations": "A single buccal-mucosa application before a needle insertion. No essential-oil analgesia, toothache treatment or arbitrary topical formulation claim.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-oral-dental-needle-insertion-pain"
],
"material": "Homemade ground-clove and glycerin gel; not distilled clove essential oil.",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16530911+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jdent.2006.01.009",
"pubmedId": "16530911",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16530911/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "burt-2004",
"title": "Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review",
"authors": "Burt S",
"journal": "International Journal of Food Microbiology",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022",
"pubmedId": "15246235",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/",
"studyType": "narrative-review",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "In vitro, thyme and oregano essential oils and their constituents (thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde) inhibited Listeria, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 at 0.2–10 µl/ml, though higher concentrations were required in foods.",
"limitations": "Review of in-vitro work; food-matrix effects limit direct translation to products.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15246235+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods--a review",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022",
"pubmedId": "15246235",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "graham-browne-cox-2003",
"title": "Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial",
"authors": "Graham PH, Browne L, Cox H, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Clinical Oncology",
"year": 2003,
"doi": "10.1200/jco.2003.10.126",
"pubmedId": "12805340",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805340/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 313,
"finding": "In 313 radiotherapy patients, anxiety scores were lower with carrier oil alone than in either fragrant arm (P = .04). Depression and broader symptom scores did not differ significantly.",
"limitations": "The lavender, bergamot and cedarwood blend did not benefit anxiety in this setting. Individual oil effects cannot be separated; results concern the studied exposure, not all aromatherapy.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12805340+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial",
"doi": "10.1200/jco.2003.10.126",
"pubmedId": "12805340",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805340/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "buck-nidorf-addino-1994",
"title": "Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole",
"authors": "Buck DS, Nidorf DM, Addino JG",
"journal": "Journal of Family Practice",
"year": 1994,
"doi": "10.1016/s0965-2299(98)80022-8",
"pubmedId": "8195735",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195735/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 117,
"finding": "After 6 months of twice-daily application in 117 patients with culture-proven toenail onychomycosis, 100% tea tree oil and 1% clotrimazole produced comparable culture cure (TT 18%, CL 11%) and partial-or-full clinical resolution (TT 60%, CL 61%).",
"limitations": "High recurrence after treatment; no DOI on PubMed record; older trial.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"health-skin-superficial-fungal-research"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A8195735+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Comparison of two topical preparations for the treatment of onychomycosis: Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and clotrimazole",
"doi": "10.1016/s0965-2299(98)80022-8",
"pubmedId": "8195735",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195735/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "jaenson-garboui-palsson-2006",
"title": "Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field",
"authors": "Jaenson TGT, Garboui S, Pålsson K",
"journal": "Journal of Medical Entomology",
"year": 2006,
"doi": "10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[731:rooole]2.0.co;2",
"pubmedId": "16892632",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16892632/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Lavender and geranium at 30% repelled ticks in laboratory tests; 1% was much less effective. Field blanket results concerned a commercial repellent and processed lemon-eucalyptus material containing at least 50% PMD.",
"limitations": "Laboratory oil results and field formulation results are separate. Neither blanket dragging nor a laboratory concentration establishes safe skin dosing or protection from a custom oil blend.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ticks-repellency"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16892632+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Repellency of oils of lemon eucalyptus, geranium, and lavender and the mosquito repellent MyggA natural to Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory and field",
"doi": "10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[731:rooole]2.0.co;2",
"pubmedId": "16892632",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16892632/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "moore-darling-sihuincha-2007",
"title": "A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two field trials in Guatemala and Peru",
"authors": "Moore SJ, Darling ST, Sihuincha M, Padilla N, Devine GJ",
"journal": "Malaria Journal",
"year": 2007,
"doi": "10.1186/1475-2875-6-101",
"pubmedId": "17678537",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678537/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "A low-cost PMD/lemongrass-oil repellent gave over 98% protection for 5 hours in Guatemala and 95% for 6 hours in Peru, significantly exceeding the 15–20% DEET controls (92% and 64%) under high biting pressure.",
"limitations": "Single-night Latin-square trials per site; efficacy measured by landing counts, not malaria infection outcomes.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes-repellency",
"pest-mosquitoes"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A17678537+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "A low-cost repellent for malaria vectors in the Americas: results of two field trials in Guatemala and Peru",
"doi": "10.1186/1475-2875-6-101",
"pubmedId": "17678537",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678537/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"title": "Eco-Friendly Sanitization of Indoor Environments: Effectiveness of Thyme Essential Oil in Controlling Bioaerosol Levels and Disinfecting Surfaces",
"authors": "Sateriale D, Forgione G, De Cristofaro GA, Continisio L, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, et al.",
"journal": "BioTech",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/biotech13020012",
"pubmedId": "38804294",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38804294/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Aqueous thyme essential oil solutions (2.5% and 5%) applied by nebulization and direct contact reduced mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria and environmental fungi in both air and on indoor surfaces.",
"limitations": "Indoor trial settings; long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness not assessed.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces",
"microbial-environmental-counts-air",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"cleaning-air"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38804294+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Eco-Friendly Sanitization of Indoor Environments: Effectiveness of Thyme Essential Oil in Controlling Bioaerosol Levels and Disinfecting Surfaces",
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"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
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}
},
{
"id": "shen-2026-lavender-sleep-meta",
"title": "The Sleep-Enhancing Effect of Lavender Essential Oil in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
"authors": "Shen H, Zhang LJ, Zhu WY",
"journal": "Holistic Nursing Practice",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.1097/hnp.0000000000000734",
"pubmedId": "40600743",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600743/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": 628,
"finding": "Meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials reported a statistically significant improvement in adult sleep quality associated with lavender essential-oil interventions.",
"limitations": "The authors noted limitations in the quantity and quality of included studies; interventions and routes varied.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-sleep"
],
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"sourceTitle": "The Sleep-Enhancing Effect of Lavender Essential Oil in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
"doi": "10.1097/hnp.0000000000000734",
"pubmedId": "40600743",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
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"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600743/",
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}
},
{
"id": "ribeiro-2024-eugenol-antibiofilm-review",
"title": "Eugenol as a promising antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing agent: A systematic review",
"authors": "Ribeiro TAN, et al.",
"journal": "Microbial Pathogenesis",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106937",
"pubmedId": "39293727",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39293727/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"finding": "Systematic review of 14 eligible studies reported antibacterial, antibiofilm, anti-virulence and anti-quorum-sensing activity for eugenol across multiple bacterial strains.",
"limitations": "Predominantly laboratory evidence; does not establish clinical or finished-product efficacy.",
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"sourceTitle": "Eugenol as a promising antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing agent: A systematic review",
"doi": "10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106937",
"pubmedId": "39293727",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39293727/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
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"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
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"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"title": "Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species",
"authors": "Pinto E, Vale-Silva L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L",
"journal": "Journal of Medical Microbiology",
"year": 2009,
"doi": "10.1099/jmm.0.010538-0",
"pubmedId": "19589904",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Clove essential oil and eugenol inhibited tested Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte strains; experiments implicated fungal membrane damage and reduced ergosterol.",
"limitations": "In-vitro study; results do not establish treatment efficacy in humans.",
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"microbial-fungi-yeast",
"microbial-fungi-mold",
"microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"microbial-fungi"
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19589904+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species",
"doi": "10.1099/jmm.0.010538-0",
"pubmedId": "19589904",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "firmino-2018-cinnamon-biofilm",
"title": "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamomum Sp. Essential Oil and Cinnamaldehyde: Antimicrobial Activities",
"authors": "Firmino DF, et al.",
"journal": "The Scientific World Journal",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.1155/2018/7405736",
"pubmedId": "29977171",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29977171/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "C. zeylanicum and C. cassia bark oils and cinnamaldehyde exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against tested bacterial biofilms.",
"limitations": "In-vitro concentrations and biofilm models do not establish efficacy of a consumer spray.",
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"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
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"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29977171+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamomum Sp. Essential Oil and Cinnamaldehyde: Antimicrobial Activities",
"doi": "10.1155/2018/7405736",
"pubmedId": "29977171",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29977171/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"title": "Citrus limon Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Selected Biological Properties Focusing on Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Insecticidal Activity and Preservative Effect",
"authors": "Kacaniova M, et al.",
"journal": "Plants",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/plants13040524",
"pubmedId": "38498554",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Lemon essential oil was characterized as 60.7% limonene, 12.6% beta-pinene and 10.3% gamma-terpinene and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm and insecticidal activity in the reported laboratory and food-model assays.",
"limitations": "Laboratory and food-model evidence; composition is batch-specific and not a universal lemon-oil percentage.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"microbial-biofilms",
"pest-beetles-harmonia-axyridis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38498554+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Citrus limon Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Selected Biological Properties Focusing on the Antimicrobial (In Vitro, In Situ), Antibiofilm, Insecticidal Activity and Preservative Effect against Salmonella enterica Inoculated in Carrot",
"doi": "10.3390/plants13040524",
"pubmedId": "38498554",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
"title": "Boswellia Essential Oil: Natural Antioxidant as an Effective Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agent",
"authors": "Obistioiu D, et al.",
"journal": "Antioxidants",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/antiox12101807",
"pubmedId": "37891886",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891886/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "A commercial mixed-Boswellia essential oil dominated by alpha-pinene and limonene showed antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in laboratory assays.",
"limitations": "Commercial mixture of several Boswellia species; laboratory evidence only.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37891886+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Boswellia Essential Oil: Natural Antioxidant as an Effective Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agent",
"doi": "10.3390/antiox12101807",
"pubmedId": "37891886",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891886/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "mahboubi-2016-myrrh-dermatophyte",
"title": "The anti-dermatophyte activity of Commiphora molmol",
"authors": "Mahboubi M, Mohammad Taghizadeh Kashani L",
"journal": "Pharmaceutical Biology",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.3109/13880209.2015.1072831",
"pubmedId": "26427766",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26427766/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Commiphora molmol oil and a separate ethanol extract inhibited tested dermatophytes in vitro. Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene and menthofuran were major oil components; curzerene was described among major extract components.",
"limitations": "Oil and extract are separate materials. Laboratory fungal inhibition is not clinical skin treatment or wound-healing evidence.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-dermatophytes"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26427766+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The anti-dermatophyte activity of Commiphora molmol",
"doi": "10.3109/13880209.2015.1072831",
"pubmedId": "26427766",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26427766/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"title": "Inhibitory effect and mechanism of oregano essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes cells, toxins and biofilms",
"authors": "Guo P, et al.",
"journal": "Microbial Pathogenesis",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106801",
"pubmedId": "39025378",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025378/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Oregano essential oil inhibited L. monocytogenes in laboratory assays and reduced biofilm coverage on glass slides; mechanistic experiments implicated multiple cellular effects.",
"limitations": "Laboratory and food-model evidence; does not establish efficacy at consumer-product concentrations.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39025378+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Inhibitory effect and mechanism of oregano essential oil on Listeria monocytogenes cells, toxins and biofilms",
"doi": "10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106801",
"pubmedId": "39025378",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025378/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"authors": "Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P",
"context": "human",
"doi": "10.1080/00207450390161903",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "In 144 healthy adults, rosemary aroma improved memory quality but slowed memory responses. Lavender impaired working memory and reaction times. Rosemary participants were more alert; both aroma groups reported greater contentment than controls.",
"id": "moss-cook-2003",
"journal": "International Journal of Neuroscience",
"limitations": "Acute laboratory exposure with multiple outcomes, not lasting cognitive improvement. This is separate from the later 20-person blood-cineole correlation study.",
"pubmedId": "12690999",
"sampleSize": 144,
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"title": "Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/",
"year": 2003,
"useNodeIds": [
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"health-cognitive",
"health-cognitive-attention"
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12690999+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults",
"doi": "10.1080/00207450390161903",
"pubmedId": "12690999",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"authors": "Chen PJ, Chou CC, Yang L, Tsai YL, et al.",
"context": "human",
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2016.0426",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "Lavender aromatherapy massage lowered salivary cortisol and raised IgA immediately after treatment in pregnant women, with higher baseline IgA at 32 and 36 weeks versus study entry.",
"id": "chen-chou-2017",
"journal": "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine",
"limitations": "n=52; massage confound: aromatherapy massage compared against usual care, not massage alone.",
"pubmedId": "28783372",
"sampleSize": 52,
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"title": "Effects of Aromatherapy Massage on Pregnant Women's Stress and Immune Function: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783372/",
"year": 2017,
"useNodeIds": [
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"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28783372+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effects of Aromatherapy Massage on Pregnant Women's Stress and Immune Function: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial",
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2016.0426",
"pubmedId": "28783372",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783372/",
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}
},
{
"authors": "Can Çiçek S, Demir Ş, Yılmaz D, Açıkgöz A, et al.",
"context": "human",
"doi": "10.1097/hnp.0000000000000526",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"finding": "Lavender aromatherapy by inhalation and foot massage reduced blood pressure, heart rate, serum cortisol, and anxiety in patients with essential hypertension.",
"id": "can-cicek-2022",
"journal": "Holistic Nursing Practice",
"limitations": "Sample size not verifiable from abstract; single-center trial.",
"pubmedId": "35708557",
"sampleSize": null,
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"title": "The Effect of Aromatherapy on Blood Pressure and Stress Responses by Inhalation and Foot Massage in Patients With Essential Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708557/",
"year": 2022,
"useNodeIds": [
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"status": "identity-checked",
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"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35708557+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The Effect of Aromatherapy on Blood Pressure and Stress Responses by Inhalation and Foot Massage in Patients With Essential Hypertension: Randomized Clinical Trial",
"doi": "10.1097/hnp.0000000000000526",
"pubmedId": "35708557",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708557/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"authors": "Mori HM, Kawanami H, Kawahata H, Aoki M, et al.",
"context": "animal",
"doi": "10.1186/s12906-016-1128-7",
"evidenceLevel": "preclinical",
"finding": "Topical lavender oil accelerated wound closure in rats from day 4 to 10, increasing TGF-beta expression, fibroblast numbers, and type I and III collagen.",
"id": "mori-kawanami-2016",
"journal": "BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine",
"limitations": "Rat model; no human wound-healing data.",
"pubmedId": "27229681",
"sampleSize": null,
"studyType": "animal-study",
"title": "Wound healing potential of lavender oil by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27229681/",
"year": 2016,
"useNodeIds": [
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],
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"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27229681+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Wound healing potential of lavender oil by acceleration of granulation and wound contraction through induction of TGF-β in a rat model",
"doi": "10.1186/s12906-016-1128-7",
"pubmedId": "27229681",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27229681/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"authors": "Schnitzler P, Schön K, Reichling J",
"context": "in-vitro",
"doi": "",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Tea tree oil reduced HSV-1 and HSV-2 plaque formation by 98.2% and 93.0% at noncytotoxic concentrations, acting before or during viral adsorption; eucalyptus oil showed weaker activity.",
"id": "schnitzler-schon-2001",
"journal": "Pharmazie",
"limitations": "In-vitro cell culture only; active antiviral components unidentified.",
"pubmedId": "11338678",
"sampleSize": null,
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"title": "Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11338678/",
"year": 2001,
"useNodeIds": [
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],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A11338678+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture",
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "11338678",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11338678/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"authors": "Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J, et al.",
"context": "in-vitro",
"doi": "10.1111/jam.13602",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"finding": "Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme oil inhibited uropathogenic E. coli biofilm formation at subinhibitory concentrations and reduced fimbriae, swarming motility, and hemagglutination.",
"id": "lee-kim-2017",
"journal": "Journal of Applied Microbiology",
"limitations": "In-vitro; no human or clinical data.",
"pubmedId": "28980415",
"sampleSize": null,
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"title": "Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28980415/",
"year": 2017,
"useNodeIds": [
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],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
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"sourceTitle": "Carvacrol-rich oregano oil and thymol-rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli",
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"authors": "Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S, et al.",
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"authors": "Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, et al.",
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"doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd003150.pub3",
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"sourceTitle": "Aromatherapy for dementia",
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"authors": "Kuriyama H, Watanabe S, Nakaya T, Shigemori I, et al.",
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"doi": "10.1093/ecam/neh087",
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"finding": "Aromatherapy massage increased peripheral blood lymphocytes, CD8+, and CD16+ cells compared with carrier-oil massage in 11 healthy adults.",
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"authors": "Shiina Y, Funabashi N, Lee K, Toyoda T, et al.",
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"doi": "10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.064",
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"finding": "Lavender aromatherapy reduced serum cortisol and improved coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy men.",
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"authors": "Ghaderi F, Solhjou N",
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"doi": "10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101182",
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"authors": "Bikmoradi A, Seifi Z, Poorolajal J, Araghchian M, et al.",
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"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2014.12.001",
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"finding": "NULL RESULT: lavender inhalation aromatherapy had no significant effect on mental stress or vital signs after coronary bypass surgery, except for systolic blood pressure.",
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"sourceTitle": "Clove oil reverses learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-treated mice",
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"id": "halder-2012-clove-acute-cognition",
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"doi": "10.1007/s00210-012-0742-2",
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"finding": "Acute clove-oil administration significantly improved scopolamine-induced retention-memory deficits in mice at tested doses; the study also evaluated analgesic effects.",
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"sourceTitle": "Acute effect of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata on cognition and pain in mice",
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"id": "eugenol-2021-memory-neurogenesis",
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"authors": "Akbar L, Juliandi B, Boediono A, Batubara I, Subangkit M",
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"sourceTitle": "Effects of Eugenol on Memory Performance, Neurogenesis, and Dendritic Complexity of Neurons in Mice Analyzed by Behavioral Tests and Golgi Staining of Brain Tissue",
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"id": "tea-tree-dandruff-2002",
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"doi": "10.1067/mjd.2002.122734",
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"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 126,
"finding": "In a randomized trial, 5% tea tree oil shampoo improved the dandruff severity score by 41% versus 11% with placebo after four weeks.",
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"sourceTitle": "Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo",
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"id": "tea-tree-acne-2007",
"title": "The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study",
"authors": "Enshaieh S, Jooya A, Siadat AH, Iraji F",
"journal": "Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology",
"year": 2007,
"doi": "10.4103/0378-6323.30646",
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"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 60,
"finding": "In 60 participants, 5% tea tree oil gel produced significantly greater improvement in acne lesion counts and severity than placebo over 45 days.",
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"sourceTitle": "The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study",
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"id": "rosemary-students-2018",
"title": "Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: A randomized clinical trial",
"authors": "Nematolahi P, Mehrabani M, Karami-Mohajeri S, Dabaghzadeh F",
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"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.11.004",
"pubmedId": "29389474",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/",
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"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 68,
"finding": "Oral rosemary powder for one month was associated with improvements in prospective and retrospective memory, anxiety, depression and several sleep-quality measures versus placebo.",
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"sourceTitle": "Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: A randomized clinical trial",
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"id": "lemon-test-anxiety-2022",
"title": "Effectiveness of lemon essential oil in reducing test anxiety in nursing students",
"authors": "Bahçecik N, et al.",
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"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2022.02.003",
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"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 46,
"finding": "Fifteen minutes of lemon essential-oil inhalation reduced test-anxiety scores in nursing students compared with control.",
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"sourceTitle": "Effectiveness of lemon essential oil in reducing test anxiety in nursing students",
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2022.02.003",
"pubmedId": "35190270",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35190270/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"title": "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Different Samples of Five Commercially Available Essential Oils",
"authors": "Neagu R, Popovici V, Ionescu LE, Ordeanu V, Popescu DM, Ozon EA, Gird CE",
"journal": "Antibiotics",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics12071191",
"pubmedId": "37508287",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Commercial oregano, eucalyptus, rosemary, clove and peppermint oil samples showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against tested S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, with substantial sample-to-sample variation.",
"limitations": "In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37508287+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects of Different Samples of Five Commercially Available Essential Oils",
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics12071191",
"pubmedId": "37508287",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "washing-liquids-eo-2011",
"title": "Lavender, tea tree and lemon oils as antimicrobials in washing liquids and soft body balms",
"authors": "Kunicka-Styczyńska A, Sikora M, Kalemba D",
"journal": "International Journal of Cosmetic Science",
"year": 2011,
"doi": "10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00582.x",
"pubmedId": "20572887",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Oil-containing washing liquids passed preservation criteria for some organisms, but not Pseudomonas. Oils alone at 0.5% failed to preserve body balm; tea tree oil with a solubilizer and synthetic preservative met the tested criterion.",
"limitations": "Formula-specific challenge tests, not soil removal. Tested concentrations are experimental conditions, not validated limits or a preservation system for this product.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-formulation-preservation",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20572887+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Lavender, tea tree and lemon oils as antimicrobials in washing liquids and soft body balms",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00582.x",
"pubmedId": "20572887",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"title": "Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid and Volatile Phase of Essential Oils against Planktonic and Biofilm-Forming Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"authors": "Brożyna M, et al.",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules27134096",
"pubmedId": "35807343",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Across seven oils tested against P. aeruginosa, liquid and volatile rosemary and tea tree oils showed notable antibiofilm activity in the reported assays.",
"limitations": "In-vitro study; activity differed between liquid and vapor phases and cannot be extrapolated to clinical efficacy.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35807343+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid and Volatile Phase of Essential Oils against Planktonic and Biofilm-Forming Cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules27134096",
"pubmedId": "35807343",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"title": "The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm In Vitro Activity of Liquid and Vapour Phases of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus",
"authors": "Brożyna M, et al.",
"journal": "Pathogens",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.3390/pathogens10091207",
"pubmedId": "34578239",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Liquid and vapor phases of selected essential oils were tested against 16 biofilm-forming S. aureus strains, demonstrating oil- and phase-dependent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.",
"limitations": "Laboratory biofilm models only; effectiveness varied substantially by oil and assay.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34578239+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm In Vitro Activity of Liquid and Vapour Phases of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus",
"doi": "10.3390/pathogens10091207",
"pubmedId": "34578239",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "tick-eo-2024",
"title": "Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)",
"authors": "Islam MS, Haque MS, You MJ",
"journal": "Parasites, hosts and diseases",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3347/phd.23097",
"pubmedId": "38835262",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Clove, eucalyptus, lavender and mint oils showed concentration-dependent activity against Asian longhorned ticks. Clove performed best in the reported mortality and host-attachment assays.",
"limitations": "One tick species and specific experimental exposures; not a human protection trial. Mint species is not authenticated by the abstract. This paper provides no fly evidence.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ticks"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38835262+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)",
"doi": "10.3347/phd.23097",
"pubmedId": "38835262",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"title": "Repellent activity of essential oils to the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum",
"authors": "Le Mauff A, Norris EJ, Li AY, Swale DR",
"journal": "Parasites & vectors",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1186/s13071-024-06246-0",
"pubmedId": "38711138",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711138/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Clove ranked highest among oils in contact assays; thyme and cassia led spatial assays. In the human fingertip assay, only patchouli significantly repelled ticks among the oils tested.",
"limitations": "Repellency depended on assay and delivery. Contact rankings do not establish skin protection or duration. This paper studied ticks, not flies.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ticks"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38711138+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Repellent activity of essential oils to the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum",
"doi": "10.1186/s13071-024-06246-0",
"pubmedId": "38711138",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711138/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"title": "Efficacy of plant extracts and oils as mosquito repellents",
"authors": "Thorsell W, Mikiver A, Malander I, Tunón H",
"journal": "Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology",
"year": 1998,
"doi": "10.1016/s0944-7113(98)80072-x",
"pubmedId": "23195905",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Laboratory and field testing of multiple natural products found good mosquito repellency for several extracts and oils, including eucalyptus, with activity varying by product and mosquito species.",
"limitations": "Older comparative repellent work with heterogeneous natural products; formulation and exposure details limit direct product comparisons.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23195905+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Efficacy of plant extracts and oils as mosquito repellents",
"doi": "10.1016/s0944-7113(98)80072-x",
"pubmedId": "23195905",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "menthol-migraine-2010",
"title": "Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study",
"authors": "Borhani Haghighi A, et al.",
"journal": "International Journal of Clinical Practice",
"year": 2010,
"doi": "10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02215.x",
"pubmedId": "20456191",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20456191/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 35,
"finding": "In a crossover study of 35 patients and 118 migraine attacks, topical 10% menthol solution was evaluated for pain-free and pain-relief migraine endpoints versus a low-concentration control.",
"limitations": "Tested isolated menthol solution rather than peppermint oil; small crossover study.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A20456191+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02215.x",
"pubmedId": "20456191",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20456191/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20456191/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "cineole-copd-2009",
"title": "Concomitant therapy with Cineole (Eucalyptole) reduces exacerbations in COPD: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial",
"authors": "Worth H, Schacher C, Dethlefsen U",
"journal": "Respiratory Research",
"year": 2009,
"doi": "10.1186/1465-9921-10-69",
"pubmedId": "19624838",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19624838/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 242,
"finding": "In 242 patients with stable COPD, six months of oral cineole adjunct therapy reduced the combined frequency, severity and duration of exacerbations compared with placebo.",
"limitations": "Oral purified cineole adjunct therapy, not eucalyptus oil or inhaled use.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19624838+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Concomitant therapy with Cineole (Eucalyptole) reduces exacerbations in COPD: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial",
"doi": "10.1186/1465-9921-10-69",
"pubmedId": "19624838",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19624838/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19624838/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "cineole-rhinosinusitis-2004",
"title": "Therapy for acute nonpurulent rhinosinusitis with cineole: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial",
"authors": "Kehrl W, Sonnemann U, Dethlefsen U",
"journal": "Laryngoscope",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1097/00005537-200404000-00027",
"pubmedId": "15064633",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064633/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 152,
"finding": "Oral cineole produced significantly greater reductions in a rhinosinusitis symptom-sum score than placebo after four and seven days.",
"limitations": "Purified oral cineole, not eucalyptus essential oil or topical/inhaled use.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15064633+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Therapy for acute nonpurulent rhinosinusitis with cineole: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1097/00005537-200404000-00027",
"pubmedId": "15064633",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064633/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064633/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "cineole-bronchitis-2013",
"title": "Efficacy of cineole in patients suffering from acute bronchitis: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial",
"authors": "Fischer J, Dethlefsen U",
"journal": "Cough",
"year": 2013,
"doi": "10.1186/1745-9974-9-25",
"pubmedId": "24261680",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24261680/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 242,
"finding": "A multicenter placebo-controlled trial evaluated 600 mg/day oral cineole for ten days in 242 patients with acute bronchitis and reported faster improvement in bronchitis symptoms.",
"limitations": "Purified oral cineole; not evidence for eucalyptus-oil spray or inhalation.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24261680+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Efficacy of cineole in patients suffering from acute bronchitis: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial",
"doi": "10.1186/1745-9974-9-25",
"pubmedId": "24261680",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24261680/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24261680/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "cineole-asthma-2012",
"title": "Patients with asthma benefit from concomitant therapy with cineole: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial",
"authors": "Worth H, Dethlefsen U",
"journal": "Journal of Asthma",
"year": 2012,
"doi": "10.3109/02770903.2012.717657",
"pubmedId": "22978309",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22978309/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 247,
"finding": "In 247 asthma patients, six months of oral cineole adjunct therapy was evaluated for lung function, asthma symptoms and quality of life versus placebo.",
"limitations": "Purified oral cineole as adjunct therapy; not eucalyptus essential oil and not a replacement for asthma treatment.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22978309+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Patients with asthma benefit from concomitant therapy with cineole: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial",
"doi": "10.3109/02770903.2012.717657",
"pubmedId": "22978309",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22978309/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22978309/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "carvacrol-asthma-2021",
"title": "Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests, oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial",
"authors": "Ghorani V, Alavinezhad A, Rajabi O, Boskabady MH",
"journal": "Phytomedicine",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153539",
"pubmedId": "33773189",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773189/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 33,
"finding": "In 33 patients receiving routine asthma treatment, the oral-carvacrol group showed changes in respiratory symptoms, lung function, oxidative markers and cytokines over two months.",
"limitations": "The abstract emphasizes within-group changes; treated-group significance and placebo nonsignificance do not alone prove a between-group effect. Specific oral compound preparation, not inhaled oil.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory",
"health-immune"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33773189+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Carvacrol improves pulmonary function tests, oxidant/antioxidant parameters and cytokine levels in asthmatic patients: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153539",
"pubmedId": "33773189",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773189/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773189/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "carvacrol-asthma-phase2-2018",
"title": "Possible therapeutic effect of carvacrol on asthmatic patients: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial",
"authors": "Alavinezhad A, Khazdair MR, Boskabady MH",
"journal": "Phytotherapy Research",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.5967",
"pubmedId": "29193478",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29193478/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 23,
"finding": "In a small placebo-controlled trial, the oral-carvacrol group showed improved lung-function measures and lower respiratory symptoms and inflammatory markers over two months.",
"limitations": "The abstract reports changes over time in the treated group and no significant changes in placebo; that alone does not establish a significant between-group difference. Isolated oral carvacrol is not oregano oil.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-respiratory",
"health-immune"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29193478+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Possible therapeutic effect of carvacrol on asthmatic patients: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial",
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.5967",
"pubmedId": "29193478",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29193478/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29193478/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "carvacrol-safety-2021",
"title": "Safety and tolerability of carvacrol in healthy subjects: a phase I clinical study",
"authors": "Ghorani V, et al.",
"journal": "Drug and Chemical Toxicology",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1080/01480545.2018.1538233",
"pubmedId": "30486682",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486682/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "One month of oral carvacrol at 1 or 2 mg/kg/day was generally tolerated in healthy subjects; measured laboratory values remained within normal ranges despite several statistically significant changes.",
"limitations": "Safety/tolerability study of purified oral carvacrol, not evidence of oregano-oil efficacy.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-bioactivity-oral-tolerability"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A30486682+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Safety and tolerability of carvacrol in healthy subjects: a phase I clinical study",
"doi": "10.1080/01480545.2018.1538233",
"pubmedId": "30486682",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486682/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30486682/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "tea-tree-systematic-review-2000",
"title": "Tea tree oil: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials",
"authors": "Ernst E, Huntley A",
"journal": "Forschende Komplementärmedizin",
"year": 2000,
"doi": "10.1159/000057164",
"pubmedId": "10800248",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800248/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "A systematic review located four randomized trials and judged tea-tree-oil evidence for acne and fungal infections promising but not compelling at that time.",
"limitations": "Older review with only four trials; later studies should be considered separately.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A10800248+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Tea tree oil: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials",
"doi": "10.1159/000057164",
"pubmedId": "10800248",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800248/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "moridpour-2024-cinnamon",
"title": "The effect of cinnamon supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials",
"authors": "Moridpour AH, Kavyani Z, Khosravi S, et al.",
"journal": "Phytotherapy Research",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.8026",
"pubmedId": "37818728",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37818728/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Across 24 RCTs, cinnamon supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c versus control, with no significant change in serum insulin.",
"limitations": "Heterogeneous oral cinnamon preparations and doses across trials. Secondary evidence does not support metabolic effects of cinnamon essential oil or a spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-metabolic"
],
"material": "Oral cinnamon supplements in a systematic review; not cinnamon bark essential oil.",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37818728+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effect of cinnamon supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials",
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.8026",
"pubmedId": "37818728",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37818728/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"title": "Plasma 1,8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma",
"authors": "Moss M, Oliver L",
"journal": "Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology",
"year": 2012,
"doi": "10.1177/2045125312436573",
"pubmedId": "23983963",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983963/",
"studyType": "observational-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 20,
"finding": "Higher blood 1,8-cineole levels after rosemary aroma exposure correlated with better speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks, with no speed-accuracy trade-off.",
"limitations": "Correlational design, n=20, single exposure session.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-attention",
"health-cognitive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23983963+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Plasma 1,8-cineole correlates with cognitive performance following exposure to rosemary essential oil aroma",
"doi": "10.1177/2045125312436573",
"pubmedId": "23983963",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983963/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"title": "Short-term study on the effects of rosemary on cognitive function in an elderly population",
"authors": "Pengelly A, Snow J, Mills SY, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Medicinal Food",
"year": 2012,
"doi": "10.1089/jmf.2011.0005",
"pubmedId": "21877951",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21877951/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 28,
"finding": "MIXED DOSE RESPONSE: 750 mg dried rosemary leaf improved speed of memory in older adults, while 6000 mg significantly impaired cognitive performance and alertness.",
"limitations": "Dried leaf powder, not essential oil; acute single-dose effects only.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-alertness",
"health-cognitive-memory",
"health-cognitive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21877951+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Short-term study on the effects of rosemary on cognitive function in an elderly population",
"doi": "10.1089/jmf.2011.0005",
"pubmedId": "21877951",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21877951/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "han-2006-dysmenorrhea",
"title": "Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial",
"authors": "Han SH, Hur MH, Buckle J, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine",
"year": 2006,
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2006.12.535",
"pubmedId": "16884344",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 67,
"finding": "Topical aromatherapy with a lavender, clary sage, and rose blend significantly reduced menstrual cramp severity versus placebo.",
"limitations": "Topical lavender, clary sage and rose blend; individual oil contributions were not isolated. No arbitrary spray or single-oil efficacy inference.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation-menstrual-cramps"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16884344+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in college students: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial",
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2006.12.535",
"pubmedId": "16884344",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "akula-2021-lemongrass",
"title": "Anti-Plaque and Anti-Gingivitis Efficacy of 0.25% Lemongrass Oil and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Children",
"authors": "Akula S, Nagarathna J, Srinath K",
"journal": "Frontiers in Dentistry",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.18502/fid.v18i32.7237",
"pubmedId": "35965722",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35965722/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 60,
"finding": "In 60 children, plaque and gingival indices decreased within both the lemongrass-mouthwash and chlorhexidine groups between days 14 and 21.",
"limitations": "Short trial of formulated mouthwash with oral prophylaxis. The reported within-group improvements do not establish equivalence to chlorhexidine or suitability of a custom oil mixture for oral use.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-oral-dental"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35965722+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Anti-Plaque and Anti-Gingivitis Efficacy of 0.25% Lemongrass Oil and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Children",
"doi": "10.18502/fid.v18i32.7237",
"pubmedId": "35965722",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35965722/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "smith-2011-labor",
"title": "Aromatherapy for pain management in labour",
"authors": "Smith CA, Collins CT, Crowther CA",
"journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews",
"year": 2011,
"doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd009215",
"pubmedId": "21735438",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735438/",
"studyType": "systematic-review",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": 535,
"finding": "NULL RESULT: across 2 trials (535 women), aromatherapy showed no difference versus control for labor pain intensity, assisted vaginal birth, or caesarean section.",
"limitations": "Only 2 trials; authors concluded evidence is insufficient for practice recommendations.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A21735438+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Aromatherapy for pain management in labour",
"doi": "10.1002/14651858.cd009215",
"pubmedId": "21735438",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735438/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "anderson-2004-ponv",
"title": "Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea",
"authors": "Anderson LA, Gross JB",
"journal": "Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jopan.2003.11.001",
"pubmedId": "14770380",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14770380/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 33,
"finding": "NULL RESULT for peppermint: nausea scores fell equally with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, and saline placebo; authors attributed relief to controlled breathing rather than aroma.",
"limitations": "n=33; saline placebo equally effective, suggesting non-specific effects.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-nausea-postoperative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14770380+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jopan.2003.11.001",
"pubmedId": "14770380",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14770380/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "satchell-2002-tinea",
"title": "Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study",
"authors": "Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, et al.",
"journal": "Australasian Journal of Dermatology",
"year": 2002,
"doi": "10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00590.x",
"pubmedId": "12121393",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121393/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 158,
"finding": "In 158 patients, tea tree oil solution improved clinical symptoms of interdigital tinea pedis versus placebo in a blinded RCT.",
"limitations": "Symptom improvement exceeded mycological cure rates.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin",
"microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"health-skin-superficial-fungal-research"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12121393+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Treatment of interdigital tinea pedis with 25% and 50% tea tree oil solution: a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study",
"doi": "10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00590.x",
"pubmedId": "12121393",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121393/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
"title": "Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Some Algerian Essential Oils and Selection of Thymus vulgaris as a Potential Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"authors": "Mohammed Aggad FZ, Ilias F, Elghali F, et al.",
"journal": "Chemistry and Biodiversity",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.1002/cbdv.202402691",
"pubmedId": "39777967",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39777967/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Thyme oil rich in thymol inhibited biofilm formation and quorum-sensing virulence factors in a hospital Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, with docking data suggesting thymol and carvacrol bind its quorum-sensing receptors.",
"limitations": "In-vitro only; single hospital strain.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39777967+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Some Algerian Essential Oils and Selection of Thymus vulgaris as a Potential Biofilm and Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"doi": "10.1002/cbdv.202402691",
"pubmedId": "39777967",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39777967/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "anees-2026",
"title": "Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of thyme oil, oregano oil, and their combination against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii polymicrobial biofilms",
"authors": "Anees TMM, Suchithra KV, Shetty AV, et al.",
"journal": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.1007/s10482-026-02284-z",
"pubmedId": "41854771",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Thyme and oregano oils acted synergistically to disrupt dual-species Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms by over 90%, downregulating biofilm-associated genes.",
"limitations": "In-vitro; no human data.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41854771+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of thyme oil, oregano oil, and their combination against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii polymicrobial biofilms",
"doi": "10.1007/s10482-026-02284-z",
"pubmedId": "41854771",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "jurado-2023",
"title": "Essential oils of Pinus sylvestris, Citrus limon and Origanum vulgare exhibit high bactericidal and anti-biofilm activities against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus suis",
"authors": "Jurado P, Uruen C, Martinez S, et al.",
"journal": "Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115703",
"pubmedId": "37857249",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Scots pine and lemon oils showed strong bactericidal and biofilm-dispersal activity against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, attributed to alpha/beta-pinene and limonene acting on the bacterial outer membrane.",
"limitations": "In-vitro; clinical relevance untested.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-biofilms",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37857249+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Essential oils of Pinus sylvestris, Citrus limon and Origanum vulgare exhibit high bactericidal and anti-biofilm activities against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus suis",
"doi": "10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115703",
"pubmedId": "37857249",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "tuan-2025",
"title": "Innovative antifungal strategies: enhanced biofilm inhibition of Candida albicans by a modified tea tree oil formulation",
"authors": "Tuan DA, Uyen PVN, Khuon NV, et al.",
"journal": "Frontiers in Microbiology",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2024.1518598",
"pubmedId": "39881994",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881994/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Tea tree oil inhibited Candida albicans biofilm formation but could not eradicate more than 50 percent of mature biofilm at the concentrations tested.",
"limitations": "In-vitro; mature-biofilm eradication not achieved.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-yeast",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39881994+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Innovative antifungal strategies: enhanced biofilm inhibition of Candida albicans by a modified tea tree oil formulation",
"doi": "10.3389/fmicb.2024.1518598",
"pubmedId": "39881994",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881994/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "francisconi-2020",
"title": "Antibiofilm efficacy of tea tree oil and of its main component terpinen-4-ol against Candida albicans",
"authors": "Francisconi RS, Huacho PMM, Tonon CC, et al.",
"journal": "Brazilian Oral Research",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0050",
"pubmedId": "32578760",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32578760/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Tea tree oil and isolated terpinen-4-ol inhibited tested Candida albicans strains and reduced experimental biofilms after a 60-second exposure.",
"limitations": "Laboratory mouthwash simulation, not a trial in people. Whole oil and isolated terpinen-4-ol were tested separately; this does not establish clinical mouthwash efficacy.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-yeast",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32578760+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibiofilm efficacy of tea tree oil and of its main component terpinen-4-ol against Candida albicans",
"doi": "10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0050",
"pubmedId": "32578760",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32578760/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "garozzo-2009",
"title": "In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil",
"authors": "Garozzo A, Timpanaro R, Bisignano B, et al.",
"journal": "Letters in Applied Microbiology",
"year": 2009,
"doi": "10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02740.x",
"pubmedId": "19843207",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843207/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol inhibited influenza A H1N1 replication below cytotoxic doses, with no virucidal activity and no effect on the other viruses tested.",
"limitations": "In-vitro; influenza only among the viruses screened.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-viruses"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19843207+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "In vitro antiviral activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil",
"doi": "10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02740.x",
"pubmedId": "19843207",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843207/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "najar-2022",
"title": "Screening of the essential oil effects on human H1N1 influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells",
"authors": "Najar B, Nardi V, Stincarelli MA, et al.",
"journal": "Natural Product Research",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.1080/14786419.2021.1944137",
"pubmedId": "34176386",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34176386/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "In cell-culture H1N1 assays, two rosemary hybrids (Salvia × lavandulaceus and S. × mendizabalii), Eucalyptus globulus and Juniperus communis oils showed antiviral activity.",
"limitations": "The rosemary hybrids are not the catalog rosemary species. Cell viability and antiviral endpoints do not establish prevention or treatment of influenza in people.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-viruses"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34176386+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Screening of the essential oil effects on human H1N1 influenza virus infection: an in vitro study in MDCK cells",
"doi": "10.1080/14786419.2021.1944137",
"pubmedId": "34176386",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34176386/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "pellegrini-2023",
"title": "Virucidal Activity of Lemon Essential Oil against Feline Calicivirus Used as Surrogate for Norovirus",
"authors": "Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C, et al.",
"journal": "Antibiotics",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics12020322",
"pubmedId": "36830233",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830233/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Lemon oil reduced feline calicivirus titres by 0.75 log at 302 µg/mL and 1.25 log at 3020 µg/mL after eight hours. The lower concentration already exceeded the maximum noncytotoxic limit.",
"limitations": "Cultured surrogate virus, not human norovirus. Long contact times and modest reductions do not establish an effective or safe surface disinfectant.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-viruses"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36830233+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Virucidal Activity of Lemon Essential Oil against Feline Calicivirus Used as Surrogate for Norovirus",
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics12020322",
"pubmedId": "36830233",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830233/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "gilling-2014",
"title": "Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus",
"authors": "Gilling DH, Kitajima M, Torrey JR, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Applied Microbiology",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1111/jam.12453",
"pubmedId": "24779581",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24779581/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Carvacrol reduced murine norovirus infectivity by up to 3.87 log within one hour; oregano oil achieved a smaller reduction, up to 1.07 log after 24 hours.",
"limitations": "Isolated compound and whole oil differed substantially. A cultured surrogate-virus assay does not establish human norovirus protection or a finished disinfectant.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-viruses"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24779581+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antiviral efficacy and mechanisms of action of oregano essential oil and its primary component carvacrol against murine norovirus",
"doi": "10.1111/jam.12453",
"pubmedId": "24779581",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24779581/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "guynot-2003",
"title": "Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products",
"authors": "Guynot ME, Ramos AJ, Seto L, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Applied Microbiology",
"year": 2003,
"doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01927.x",
"pubmedId": "12694455",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Cinnamon leaf, clove, bay, lemongrass and thyme vapors fully inhibited the tested molds on wheat-flour agar, but activity was much more limited in sponge-cake analogues.",
"limitations": "Strong substrate dependence. Cinnamon leaf is a different material from catalog cinnamon bark. Laboratory vapor exposure is not a food-preservation or household-use recipe.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-mold"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A12694455+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products",
"doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01927.x",
"pubmedId": "12694455",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "farouk-2022",
"title": "Highly Durable Antibacterial Properties of Cellulosic Fabric via beta-Cyclodextrin/Essential Oils Inclusion Complex",
"authors": "Farouk A, Sharaf S, Refaie R, et al.",
"journal": "Polymers",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.3390/polym14224899",
"pubmedId": "36433025",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Cotton fabric treated with cyclodextrin-encapsulated lavender, lemon, and rosemary oils retained antibacterial activity through multiple wash cycles.",
"limitations": "Textile-finishing lab study; no worn-garment testing.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-textile-finishing",
"microbial-bacteria"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A36433025+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Highly Durable Antibacterial Properties of Cellulosic Fabric via β-Cyclodextrin/Essential Oils Inclusion Complex",
"doi": "10.3390/polym14224899",
"pubmedId": "36433025",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "semeniuc-2017",
"title": "Antibacterial activity and interactions of plant essential oil combinations against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria",
"authors": "Semeniuc CA, Pop CR, Rotar AM, et al.",
"journal": "Food and Drug Analysis",
"year": 2017,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.002",
"pubmedId": "28911683",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911683/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "NULL/MIXED RESULT: parsley and lovage oils showed no inhibition against any tested bacteria, and most thyme-oil combinations were antagonistic rather than synergistic.",
"limitations": "Food-bacteria panel only; disc-diffusion screening.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28911683+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial activity and interactions of plant essential oil combinations against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.002",
"pubmedId": "28911683",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911683/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "chaves-campos-2026",
"title": "In vitro insecticidal and repellent activity of Cymbopogon essential oils and geraniol against cat flea.",
"authors": "de Oliveira Chaves JK, Campos DR, Santos Soares EFM, et al.",
"journal": "Vet Parasitol",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.1016/j.vetpar.2026.110886",
"pubmedId": "42579967",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42579967/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Geraniol showed the lowest LC50 values against cat flea eggs, pupae, adults, and whole life-cycle inhibition, while Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa) oil was most potent against larvae and kept repellency at 90% or higher for 48 hours.",
"limitations": "Off-animal filter-paper assays; no pet treatment, host safety or field validation. The lemongrass arm was Cymbopogon flexuosus, not the catalog C. citratus. Each oil and geraniol arm must remain distinct.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-fleas"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42579967+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "In vitro insecticidal and repellent activity of Cymbopogon essential oils and geraniol against cat flea",
"doi": "10.1016/j.vetpar.2026.110886",
"pubmedId": "42579967",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42579967/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "lima-campos-2024",
"title": "Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea Against Immature and Adult Stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis.",
"authors": "Lima EAS, Campos DR, Soares EFMS, et al.",
"journal": "Acta Parasitol",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3",
"pubmedId": "39147955",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "All four oils showed insecticidal and repellent activity against cat flea life stages in vitro, with beta-caryophyllene-rich copaiba oil showing the strongest residual efficacy.",
"limitations": "In vitro only; Lavandula hybrida (lavandin) mapped to lavender; no host-animal testing.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-fleas"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39147955+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Copaifera reticulata, Citrus paradisi, Lavandula hybrida and Salvia sclarea Against Immature and Adult Stages of Ctenocephalides felis felis",
"doi": "10.1007/s11686-024-00874-3",
"pubmedId": "39147955",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "walton-2004-scabies",
"title": "Acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to terpinen-4-ol.",
"authors": "Walton SF, McKinnon M, Pizzutto S, et al.",
"journal": "Arch Dermatol",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1001/archderm.140.5.563",
"pubmedId": "15148100",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148100/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Five percent tea tree oil and its component terpinen-4-ol were highly effective at reducing scabies mite survival times in vitro, comparable to 5% permethrin and ivermectin.",
"limitations": "In vitro continuous-exposure assay; mites from a single crusted-scabies patient.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mites"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A15148100+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Acaricidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: in vitro sensitivity of sarcoptes scabiei var hominis to terpinen-4-ol",
"doi": "10.1001/archderm.140.5.563",
"pubmedId": "15148100",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148100/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "fang-2016-scabies",
"title": "In vitro activity of ten essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei.",
"authors": "Fang F, Candy K, Melloul E, et al.",
"journal": "Parasit Vectors",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.1186/s13071-016-1889-3",
"pubmedId": "27876081",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "In contact assays 1% clove oil killed all scabies mites within 20 minutes and palmarosa within 50 minutes; efficacy order was clove, palmarosa, geranium, tea tree, then lavender.",
"limitations": "Mites from experimentally infected pigs; in vitro only.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mites"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27876081+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "In vitro activity of ten essential oils against Sarcoptes scabiei",
"doi": "10.1186/s13071-016-1889-3",
"pubmedId": "27876081",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cai-2025-dustmite",
"title": "Biotoxicity of essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae) to dust mites.",
"authors": "Cai H, Xie P, Zhang X, et al.",
"journal": "Front Plant Sci",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.3389/fpls.2025.1708798",
"pubmedId": "41424559",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41424559/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Lemon-eucalyptus oil showed toxicity and repellency against dust mites. The reported 100% vapor-phase mortality belonged to isolated citronellal and ethyl phenylacetate; citronellol had the strongest repellency.",
"limitations": "Oil and constituent assays must remain separate. Laboratory mite effects do not establish household exposure safety, allergy relief or protection from a finished spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mites"
],
"citationReview": {
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41424559+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Biotoxicity of essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (Myrtaceae) to dust mites",
"doi": "10.3389/fpls.2025.1708798",
"pubmedId": "41424559",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41424559/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "george-2026-fireant",
"title": "Repellent effect of oregano essential oil and carvacrol analogs against imported fire ants.",
"authors": "George G, Shah FM, Ali A, et al.",
"journal": "Pest Manag Sci",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.1002/ps.70297",
"pubmedId": "41099098",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41099098/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Oregano oil strongly repelled red and hybrid imported fire ants, with carvacrol (minimum repellent dose 0.98 ug/g) identified as the primary active constituent.",
"limitations": "Laboratory repellency assays; no field colony-level data.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ants"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A41099098+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Repellent effect of oregano essential oil and carvacrol analogs against imported fire ants",
"doi": "10.1002/ps.70297",
"pubmedId": "41099098",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41099098/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "holloway-2024-argentineant",
"title": "Common Home Remedies Do Not Deter Argentine Ants, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from a Preferred Harborage.",
"authors": "Holloway JB, Suiter DR, Davis JW, et al.",
"journal": "Insects",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/insects15100768",
"pubmedId": "39452344",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39452344/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "MIXED RESULT: tansy, cucumber, and soybean-extract home remedies failed to deter Argentine ants even at 4 to 10 times the recommended dose, while 1% peppermint oil was the most deterrent treatment and fresh rosemary and spearmint leaves also deterred harboring.",
"limitations": "Laboratory harborage assay; short 2 to 4 hour observation window.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ants"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39452344+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Common Home Remedies Do Not Deter Argentine Ants, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from a Preferred Harborage",
"doi": "10.3390/insects15100768",
"pubmedId": "39452344",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39452344/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"title": "Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites.",
"authors": "Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, et al.",
"journal": "Phytother Res",
"year": 2005,
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.1637",
"pubmedId": "16041723",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16041723/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Of 38 oils screened on human forearms, only undiluted citronella, patchouli, clove, and makaen oils gave 2 hours of complete repellency against Aedes aegypti, with clove lasting longest (2 to 4 hours) across three mosquito species; no oil at 10 to 50% lasted 2 hours.",
"limitations": "Small volunteer panel; laboratory forearm assay, not field conditions.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16041723+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites",
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.1637",
"pubmedId": "16041723",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16041723/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "chandrasekaran-2019-vitex",
"title": "Larvicidal activity of essential oil from Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia on dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.",
"authors": "Chandrasekaran T, Thyagarajan A, Santhakumari PG, et al.",
"journal": "Rev Soc Bras Med Trop",
"year": 2019,
"doi": "10.1590/0037-8682-0459-2018",
"pubmedId": "31365621",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31365621/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Vitex trifolia and Vitex negundo oils killed Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae at 50 to 125 ppm, with LC50 values around 51 to 58 ppm for Ae. aegypti.",
"limitations": "Laboratory larval assays; no field or non-target testing.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes-larvicide"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31365621+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Larvicidal activity of essential oil from Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia on dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti",
"doi": "10.1590/0037-8682-0459-2018",
"pubmedId": "31365621",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31365621/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "mitra-2020-epa25b",
"title": "Efficacy of Active Ingredients From the EPA 25(B) List in Reducing Attraction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Humans.",
"authors": "Mitra S, Rodriguez SD, Vulcan J, et al.",
"journal": "J Med Entomol",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.1093/jme/tjz178",
"pubmedId": "31612914",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31612914/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "NULL RESULT: rosemary oil showed no significant repellency against Aedes aegypti in the study's attraction assay, unlike peppermint oil which strongly reduced attraction at the first time point.",
"limitations": "Single laboratory assay design; short observation window.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-mosquitoes"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31612914+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Efficacy of Active Ingredients From the EPA 25(B) List in Reducing Attraction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Humans",
"doi": "10.1093/jme/tjz178",
"pubmedId": "31612914",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31612914/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "schulze-2011-ticks",
"title": "Experimental use of two standard tick collection methods to evaluate the relative effectiveness of several plant-derived and synthetic repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae).",
"authors": "Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Dolan MC",
"journal": "J Econ Entomol",
"year": 2011,
"doi": "10.1603/ec10421",
"pubmedId": "22299371",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22299371/",
"studyType": "field-study",
"context": "environmental",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "In field-plot tick drags, nootkatone and a permethrin standard each repelled 100% of Ixodes scapularis nymphs through 14 days, slightly outperforming carvacrol (90.7%) and a plant-oil product (97.7%).",
"limitations": "Field-plot tick-drag evaluation. Isolated nootkatone and carvacrol are distinct from grapefruit and oregano essential oils; no arbitrary spray protection claim.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ticks"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22299371+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Experimental use of two standard tick collection methods to evaluate the relative effectiveness of several plant-derived and synthetic repellents against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae)",
"doi": "10.1603/ec10421",
"pubmedId": "22299371",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22299371/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22299371/"
],
"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "gaudet-2024-tickseeking",
"title": "Lemongrass essential oil and DEET inhibit attractant detection in infected and non-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks.",
"authors": "Gaudet K, Anholeto LA, Hillier NK, et al.",
"journal": "Curr Res Insect Sci",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1016/j.cris.2024.100096",
"pubmedId": "39386116",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39386116/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Exposure to lemongrass oil, citral, or geraniol significantly impaired adult female Ixodes scapularis ticks' ability to detect and respond to host attractant, regardless of pathogen infection status.",
"limitations": "Electrophysiology and Y-tube lab assays; behavioral disruption rather than bite prevention was measured.",
"useNodeIds": [
"pest-ticks"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39386116+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Lemongrass essential oil and DEET inhibit attractant detection in infected and non-infected Ixodes scapularis ticks",
"doi": "10.1016/j.cris.2024.100096",
"pubmedId": "39386116",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39386116/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "nascimento-2025-sweet-orange-labor",
"title": "Effectiveness of aromatherapy with sweet orange oil (Citrus sinensis L.) in relieving pain and anxiety during labor.",
"authors": "Nascimento JC, et al.",
"journal": "Explore (NY)",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2024.103081",
"pubmedId": "39577393",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39577393/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 84,
"finding": "Sweet orange inhalation significantly reduced labor pain intensity over time (p=0.0411) and anxiety (p<0.0001) versus a distilled-water placebo, while also lowering maternal blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and fetal heart rate.",
"limitations": "Single-blind, single-center Brazilian trial; labor setting limits generalizability.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39577393+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effectiveness of aromatherapy with sweet orange oil (Citrus sinensis L.) in relieving pain and anxiety during labor",
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2024.103081",
"pubmedId": "39577393",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39577393/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "wakui-2026-bergamot-exam-anxiety",
"title": "Evaluation of the Anxiety-Reducing Effects of Aroma Stones with Bergamot Essential Oil before Examinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial.",
"authors": "Wakui N, et al.",
"journal": "J Integr Complement Med",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.1177/27683605261488658",
"pubmedId": "42755326",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42755326/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 57,
"finding": "Bergamot aroma stones used for 3 days before examinations significantly lowered state anxiety scores versus water-stone controls on all three days (Cohen's d > 0.8) with no reported adverse events.",
"limitations": "Open-label, single-center design; 57 students; short 3-day intervention.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42755326+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evaluation of the Anxiety-Reducing Effects of Aroma Stones with Bergamot Essential Oil before Examinations: A Randomized Controlled Trial",
"doi": "10.1177/27683605261488658",
"pubmedId": "42755326",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42755326/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "hongratanaworakit-2006-ylang-ylang-transdermal",
"title": "Relaxing effect of ylang ylang oil on humans after transdermal absorption.",
"authors": "Hongratanaworakit T, et al.",
"journal": "Phytother Res",
"year": 2006,
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.1950",
"pubmedId": "16807875",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807875/",
"studyType": "controlled-human-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 40,
"finding": "Transdermal ylang ylang oil significantly decreased blood pressure and increased skin temperature in 40 healthy volunteers, who also rated themselves calmer and more relaxed than the control group.",
"limitations": "Short-term transdermal exposure; no dose-response tested.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-calm",
"health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A16807875+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Relaxing effect of ylang ylang oil on humans after transdermal absorption",
"doi": "10.1002/ptr.1950",
"pubmedId": "16807875",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807875/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "napavichayanun-2024-lavender-ylang-ylang-blood-pressure",
"title": "Effect of Lavandula angustifolia and Cananga odorata on decrease of blood pressure in high blood pressure volunteers: A randomized controlled trial.",
"authors": "Napavichayanun S, et al.",
"journal": "Explore (NY)",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.11.013",
"pubmedId": "38087747",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 34,
"finding": "Sticker pads containing lavender and ylang ylang oils worn for 14 days significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and pulse rate versus placebo in volunteers with high blood pressure, with no adverse reactions.",
"limitations": "34 high-BP volunteers in efficacy phase; longer-term effects unknown.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cardiovascular",
"health-quality-of-life"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38087747+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effect of Lavandula angustifolia and Cananga odorata on decrease of blood pressure in high blood pressure volunteers: A randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.11.013",
"pubmedId": "38087747",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "sienkiewicz-2014-geranium-wound-bacteria",
"title": "The antibacterial activity of geranium oil against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from difficult-to-heal wounds.",
"authors": "Sienkiewicz M, et al.",
"journal": "Burns",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.002",
"pubmedId": "24290961",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24290961/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Geranium oil inhibited cultured bacteria isolated from difficult-to-heal wounds.",
"limitations": "The organisms came from wounds; the study did not test wound healing or treatment of patients.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A24290961+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The antibacterial activity of geranium oil against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from difficult-to-heal wounds",
"doi": "10.1016/j.burns.2013.11.002",
"pubmedId": "24290961",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24290961/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"title": "Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity.",
"authors": "Androutsopoulou C, et al.",
"journal": "Pathogens",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.3390/pathogens10040494",
"pubmedId": "33921899",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "MIXED RESULT: 5% rose geranium essential oil showed no antibacterial activity (though 100% oil was strongly effective against E. coli), while it and the rose geranium extracts showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and dose-dependent antiviral activity, with no toxicity at tested dilutions.",
"limitations": "In vitro study only; antibacterial efficacy highly concentration-dependent.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-fungi-mold",
"microbial-viruses"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33921899+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity",
"doi": "10.3390/pathogens10040494",
"pubmedId": "33921899",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"title": "Underutilized Plant Cymbopogan martinii Derived Essential Oil Is Excellent Source of Bioactives with Diverse Biological Activities.",
"authors": "Amrita, et al.",
"journal": "Russ Agric Sci",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3103/s1068367423010044",
"pubmedId": "37124716",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Palmarosa oil showed antimicrobial activity and inhibited α-amylase in laboratory assays. The paper also reported antioxidant and inflammation-related assay results.",
"limitations": "Enzyme inhibition is not evidence that palmarosa treats diabetes. These are laboratory endpoints, not clinical effects or validated product concentrations.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-fungi-mold",
"health-metabolic-alpha-amylase-inhibition",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37124716+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Underutilized Plant Cymbopogan martinii Derived Essential Oil Is Excellent Source of Bioactives with Diverse Biological Activities",
"doi": "10.3103/s1068367423010044",
"pubmedId": "37124716",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "fikry-2025-niaouli-lung-cancer",
"title": "Chemical Composition and Anti-Lung Cancer Activities of Melaleuca quinquenervia Leaf Essential Oil: Integrating Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Profiling, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking.",
"authors": "Fikry E, et al.",
"journal": "Pharmaceuticals (Basel)",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.3390/ph18060771",
"pubmedId": "40573169",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573169/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Niaouli leaf essential oil (1,8-cineole 31.57%, alpha-pinene isomers 21.26%) showed selective cytotoxicity against A549 lung cancer cells (IC50 18.09 ug/mL), inhibited cell migration, and induced apoptosis and G0-G1 cell-cycle arrest.",
"limitations": "Cell-culture and computational research; no in-vivo or human efficacy. Cytotoxicity does not establish immune support or a therapeutic blend use.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-bioactivity-cellular-cytotoxicity"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40573169+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition and Anti-Lung Cancer Activities of Melaleuca quinquenervia Leaf Essential Oil: Integrating Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Profiling, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking",
"doi": "10.3390/ph18060771",
"pubmedId": "40573169",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573169/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"title": "Metabolomics analysis to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl.",
"authors": "Chen J, et al.",
"journal": "J Ethnopharmacol",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2020.112652",
"pubmedId": "32035880",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035880/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Cinnamomum camphora leaf essential oil showed anti-MRSA activity (MIC 0.8 mg/mL, MBC 1.6 mg/mL), damaging bacterial cell membranes and disrupting amino acid metabolism according to GC-MS metabolomics.",
"limitations": "In vitro study only; chemotype-dependent composition may vary.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-bacteria"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32035880+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Metabolomics analysis to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2020.112652",
"pubmedId": "32035880",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035880/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "frank-2009-frankincense-bladder-cancer",
"title": "Frankincense oil derived from Boswellia carteri induces tumor cell specific cytotoxicity.",
"authors": "Frank MB, et al.",
"journal": "BMC Complement Altern Med",
"year": 2009,
"doi": "10.1186/1472-6882-9-6",
"pubmedId": "19296830",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19296830/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Frankincense oil suppressed viability of J82 bladder transitional carcinoma cells but not normal urothelial cells, activating genes for cell-cycle arrest, growth suppression and apoptosis.",
"limitations": "Boswellia carteri oil in bladder-cell cultures, not the catalog Boswellia serrata. Cell cytotoxicity is neither immune support nor clinical cancer or skin efficacy.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-bioactivity-cellular-cytotoxicity"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A19296830+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Frankincense oil derived from Boswellia carteri induces tumor cell specific cytotoxicity",
"doi": "10.1186/1472-6882-9-6",
"pubmedId": "19296830",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19296830/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"title": "Effect of essential oils prepared from Thai culinary herbs on sessile Candida albicans cultures.",
"authors": "Hovijitra RS, et al.",
"journal": "J Oral Sci",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.2334/josnusd.15-0736",
"pubmedId": "27665976",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27665976/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Cinnamon bark essential oil was potently fungicidal against both planktonic and sessile (biofilm) Candida albicans, though sessile MICs were 8 to 16 times higher than planktonic MICs.",
"limitations": "In vitro study only; much higher concentrations needed against biofilms than planktonic cells.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-fungi-yeast",
"microbial-biofilms",
"microbial-fungi"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27665976+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effect of essential oils prepared from Thai culinary herbs on sessile Candida albicans cultures",
"doi": "10.2334/josnusd.15-0736",
"pubmedId": "27665976",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27665976/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"title": "Bactericidal activity of Myrrh extracts and two dosage forms against standard bacterial strains and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates with GC/MS profiling.",
"authors": "Khalil N, et al.",
"journal": "AMB Express",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.1186/s13568-020-0958-3",
"pubmedId": "31993779",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993779/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Myrrh essential oil achieved greater than 99.999% killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 2 hours, showed bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, and a 5% myrrh mouthwash killed about 99.999% of S. aureus in saliva within 30 minutes.",
"limitations": "In vitro study only; cytotoxicity data limited to cell lines.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"health-oral-dental"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31993779+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Bactericidal activity of Myrrh extracts and two dosage forms against standard bacterial strains and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates with GC/MS profiling",
"doi": "10.1186/s13568-020-0958-3",
"pubmedId": "31993779",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993779/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "seifi-2014-lavender-anxiety-null",
"title": "The effect of lavender essential oil on anxiety level in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial.",
"authors": "Seifi Z, et al.",
"journal": "Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "",
"pubmedId": "25558253",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25558253/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 60,
"finding": "NULL RESULT: Lavender essential oil inhalation produced no statistically significant difference in anxiety scores versus a distilled-water placebo in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, although anxiety decreased in both groups.",
"limitations": "60 patients; 2-day intervention in acute post-surgical setting; results may not generalize.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25558253+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effect of lavender essential oil on anxiety level in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial",
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "25558253",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25558253/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"title": "Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang",
"authors": "Moss M, Hewitt S, Moss L, Wesnes K",
"journal": "International Journal of Neuroscience",
"year": 2008,
"doi": "10.1080/00207450601042094",
"pubmedId": "18041606",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 144,
"finding": "In 144 healthy adults, peppermint aroma improved memory and subjective alertness. Ylang-ylang aroma increased calmness but reduced alertness, impaired memory and slowed processing.",
"limitations": "Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-memory",
"health-cognitive-alertness",
"health-mental-health-mood",
"health-cognitive",
"health-mental-health-calm"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18041606+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang",
"doi": "10.1080/00207450601042094",
"pubmedId": "18041606",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "alkanat-2023-frankincense-myrrh-backpain",
"title": "The effects of massage with frankincense and myrrh oil in chronic low back pain: A three-arm randomised controlled trial",
"authors": "Özdemir Alkanat H, Özdemir Ü, Kulaklı F",
"journal": "Explore",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.04.004",
"pubmedId": "37121835",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121835/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 91,
"finding": "Twice-weekly massage using frankincense and myrrh essential oils produced greater reductions in pain and disability scores than jojoba-oil massage or no massage in adults with chronic low back pain.",
"limitations": "Combination intervention; cannot separate effects of frankincense from myrrh, and massage is a co-intervention.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37121835+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effects of massage with frankincense and myrrh oil in chronic low back pain: A three-arm randomised controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.04.004",
"pubmedId": "37121835",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121835/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "ozdemir-2024-frankincense-myrrh-comfort",
"title": "The effect of back massage with frankincense and myrrh oil before the cardiac electrophysiological procedure on back pain intensity and comfort: A single-blind randomized controlled trial",
"authors": "Özdemir Ü, Taşcı S, Döner A, Özdemir Alkanat H, İnanç MT",
"journal": "Explore",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.09.007",
"pubmedId": "37783585",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783585/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 90,
"finding": "Frankincense-and-myrrh aromatherapy massage increased several comfort measures versus comparator groups, but post-procedure pain scores did not significantly differ between groups.",
"limitations": "Mixed result; combination oils plus massage prevents attribution to either oil alone. Authors called for more rigorous pain research.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37783585+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effect of back massage with frankincense and myrrh oil before the cardiac electrophysiological procedure on back pain intensity and comfort: A single-blind randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.explore.2023.09.007",
"pubmedId": "37783585",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783585/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "reis-2023-frankincense-fatigue",
"title": "Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Frankincense Essential Oil in Patients With Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy",
"authors": "Reis D, et al.",
"journal": "Cancer Nursing",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.1097/ncc.0000000000001080",
"pubmedId": "35245227",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35245227/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 70,
"finding": "Frankincense oil applied to the feet around chemotherapy did not significantly reduce cancer-related fatigue compared with carrier-oil control.",
"limitations": "Pilot trial; negative result. Topical-foot application and oncology population limit generalization.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-fatigue"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35245227+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Frankincense Essential Oil in Patients With Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy",
"doi": "10.1097/ncc.0000000000001080",
"pubmedId": "35245227",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35245227/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "nialeila-2020-myrrh-frankincense-wound",
"title": "Episiotomy wound healing by Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and Boswellia carteri Birdw. in primiparous women: A randomized controlled trial",
"authors": "Faraji A, Aghdaki M, Hessami K, et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Ethnopharmacology",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2020.113396",
"pubmedId": "32971163",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971163/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 90,
"finding": "Among 90 women, myrrh-extract sitz baths improved episiotomy REEDA healing scores more than frankincense extract or betadine. Frankincense and betadine did not differ significantly.",
"limitations": "Specific extract preparations and postpartum clinical setting; no whole-oil or spray inference. Frankincense was Boswellia carteri, not the catalog Boswellia serrata.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-wound"
],
"material": "Separate myrrh and frankincense botanical-extract sitz baths, not essential oils.",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32971163+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Episiotomy wound healing by Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and Boswellia carteri Birdw. in primiparous women: A randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2020.113396",
"pubmedId": "32971163",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971163/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
"title": "Aromatherapy effects on pain and anxiety during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A randomized controlled trial",
"authors": "Aydınlı B, et al.",
"journal": "Journal article",
"year": 2026,
"pubmedId": "42302879",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 120,
"finding": "In 120 men undergoing prostate biopsy, lavender and frankincense aromatherapy delivered by nebulizer were compared with placebo for procedural anxiety and pain.",
"limitations": "Procedure-specific clinical setting; separate oil groups should be interpreted from the full paper before making comparative claims.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103396",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A42302879+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Aromatherapy effects on pain and anxiety during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2026.103396",
"pubmedId": "42302879",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-terpenes-review-2020",
"title": "Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity",
"authors": "LaVigne JE, Hecksel R, Keresztes A, Streicher JM",
"journal": "Scientific Reports",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8",
"pubmedId": "33859287",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33859287/",
"studyType": "animal-study",
"context": "animal",
"evidenceLevel": "preclinical",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Selected terpenes found in Cannabis sativa produced cannabinoid-like behavioral effects in mice and interacted with cannabinoid signaling in experimental models.",
"limitations": "Preclinical mouse and cellular work on selected isolated terpenes; does not establish effects of cannabis aroma, essential oil, or a finished product in humans.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33859287+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity",
"doi": "10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8",
"pubmedId": "33859287",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33859287/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [],
"sourceUrls": [
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"reason": "Only explicitly tested whole-oil arms may link to oils. Isolated-compound experiments remain in the compound bibliography."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"title": "Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa",
"authors": "Booth JK, Yuen MMS, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Page JE, Bohlmann J",
"journal": "Plant physiology",
"year": 2020,
"pubmedId": "32591428",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591428/",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Metabolite profiling and terpene-synthase characterization showed substantial variation within and between cannabis cultivar labels.",
"limitations": "Original analytical and gene-function research, not a review or evidence of cognitive benefit.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"botanical-composition"
],
"doi": "10.1104/pp.20.00593",
"citationReview": {
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32591428+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa",
"doi": "10.1104/pp.20.00593",
"pubmedId": "32591428",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591428/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"title": "Terpenes in Cannabis sativa - From plant genome to humans",
"authors": "Booth JK, Bohlmann J",
"journal": "Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology",
"year": 2019,
"doi": "10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022",
"pubmedId": "31084880",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084880/",
"studyType": "review",
"context": "plant",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Reviews Cannabis sativa terpene biosynthesis, genetic diversity, ecological roles, and potential relevance of volatile terpenes to human exposure.",
"limitations": "Narrative plant-science review; potential human relevance should not be interpreted as demonstrated clinical benefit.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"botanical-composition"
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"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A31084880+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Terpenes in Cannabis sativa - From plant genome to humans",
"doi": "10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022",
"pubmedId": "31084880",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084880/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
"title": "Minor, Nonterpenoid Volatile Compounds Drive the Aroma Differences of Exotic Cannabis",
"authors": "Oswald IW, et al.",
"journal": "ACS Omega",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.3c04496",
"pubmedId": "37901519",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37901519/",
"studyType": "analytical-sensory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": 31,
"finding": "Chemical and sensory analysis showed that cannabis aroma differences cannot be explained by dominant terpenes alone; minor volatile compounds make important contributions.",
"limitations": "Thirty-one ice-hash rosin extracts; not steam-distilled essential oil, efficacy evidence or a finished-product analysis.",
"material": "Ice-hash rosin extracts",
"chemicalGroups": [
"thiol",
"ester"
],
"useNodeIds": [
"sensory-aroma-chemistry-volatile-compounds",
"sensory-aroma-chemistry"
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37901519+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Minor, Nonterpenoid Volatile Compounds Drive the Aroma Differences of Exotic Cannabis",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.3c04496",
"pubmedId": "37901519",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37901519/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"title": "The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States",
"authors": "Smith CJ, Vergara D, Keegan B, Jikomes N",
"journal": "PloS one",
"year": 2022,
"pubmedId": "35588111",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588111/",
"studyType": "observational-study",
"context": "plant",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Large-scale chemical profiling of commercial Cannabis samples demonstrated substantial phytochemical diversity and showed that conventional strain labels poorly capture underlying chemistry.",
"limitations": "Commercial-sample chemistry study; not clinical evidence and includes cannabinoids as well as volatile chemistry.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"botanical-composition"
],
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0267498",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35588111+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0267498",
"pubmedId": "35588111",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588111/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-sulfur-aroma-2021",
"title": "Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography",
"authors": "Oswald IWH, et al.",
"journal": "ACS Omega",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.1c04196",
"pubmedId": "34869990",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869990/",
"studyType": "analytical-sensory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Chemical analysis and sensory assessment associated prenylthiol with skunky aroma in the cannabis flowers and concentrated extracts studied.",
"limitations": "Flowers from 13 cultivars and three hydrocarbon extracts, plus a plant-development series. Not a steam-distilled oil analysis or efficacy study.",
"material": "Flowers and hydrocarbon extracts",
"useNodeIds": [
"sensory-aroma-chemistry-sulfur-volatiles",
"sensory-aroma-chemistry"
],
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34869990+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.1c04196",
"pubmedId": "34869990",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869990/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2024",
"title": "Nonterpenoid Chemical Diversity of Cannabis Phenotypes Predicts Differentiated Aroma Characteristics",
"authors": "Paryani TR, et al.",
"journal": "ACS Omega",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.4c03225",
"pubmedId": "38973868",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38973868/",
"studyType": "analytical-sensory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": 5,
"finding": "Analytical and sensory comparisons linked minor nonterpenoid differences with aroma differences among sibling cannabis phenotypes.",
"limitations": "Five ice-water hash rosin extracts. Small analytical/sensory comparison, not distilled oil or product efficacy evidence.",
"material": "Ice-water hash rosin extracts",
"chemicalGroups": [
"thiol",
"ester"
],
"useNodeIds": [
"sensory-aroma-chemistry-minor-nonterpenoid-volatiles",
"sensory-aroma-chemistry"
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38973868+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Nonterpenoid Chemical Diversity of Cannabis Phenotypes Predicts Differentiated Aroma Characteristics",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.4c03225",
"pubmedId": "38973868",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38973868/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "cannflavins-review-2021",
"title": "Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology",
"authors": "Bautista JL, Yu S, Tian L",
"journal": "ACS Omega",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.1c00318",
"pubmedId": "33681553",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681553/",
"studyType": "narrative-review",
"context": "mechanistic",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Reviews the biosynthesis and research literature on cannflavins in Cannabis sativa.",
"limitations": "Review of plant compounds and experimental research, not a distilled-oil analysis or clinical evidence for the finished formula.",
"material": "Plant material and reviewed preparations",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry-flavonoid-chemistry",
"botanical-composition"
],
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A33681553+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.1c00318",
"pubmedId": "33681553",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681553/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"title": "Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L.",
"authors": "Saharkhiz Mohammad Jamal, Motamedi Marjan, Zomorodian Kamiar et al.",
"journal": "ISRN Pharmaceutics",
"year": 2012,
"doi": "10.5402/2012/718645",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/718645",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Menthyl acetate was reported in the study oil. The same hydrodistilled oil inhibited tested fungi and Candida biofilm formation in laboratory assays.",
"limitations": "One characterized hydrodistilled sample differs from the catalog steam-distillation label. No human fungal treatment or disinfection claim.",
"material": "Essential oil; Hydrodistilled air-dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha piperita, Fars, Iran",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-fungi",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"pubmedId": "23304561",
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.5402%2F2012%2F718645%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L",
"doi": "10.5402/2012/718645",
"pubmedId": "23304561",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/718645",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-eucalyptus-2023",
"title": "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil",
"authors": "Čmiková Natália, Galovičová Lucia, Schwarzová Marianna et al.",
"journal": "Plants",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/plants12051076",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Isobutyl isobutyrate was reported in the commercial sample. The same commercial oil was tested in bacterial, fungal, biofilm and vapor-phase food-model assays.",
"limitations": "One commercial sample; laboratory and food matrices do not establish human skin treatment or cleaning. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide.",
"material": "Essential oil; Commercial Hanus oil from fresh Eucalyptus globulus leaves cultivated in Spain",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-fungi",
"microbial-biofilms"
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"pubmedId": "36903935",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fplants12051076%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil",
"doi": "10.3390/plants12051076",
"pubmedId": "36903935",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-citronella-2016",
"title": "Essential Oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: A Strategy to Combat Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species",
"authors": "De Toledo Luciani, Ramos Matheus, Spósito Larissa et al.",
"journal": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.3390/ijms17081252",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081252",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"aldehyde",
"ester"
],
"finding": "Citronellal was reported in this C. nardus sample. The same C. nardus oil inhibited many Candida isolates and mature biofilms, with variable susceptibility and mammalian-cell cytotoxicity.",
"limitations": "C. nardus differs from C. winterianus; sample preparation differs from the catalog label. Cytotoxicity occurred below some antifungal MICs; no clinical skin treatment or topical safety inference.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cymbopogon nardus leaves collected July 2013 in a Brazilian medicinal-plant garden",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-fungi",
"microbial-biofilms"
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"pubmedId": "27517903",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fijms17081252%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Essential Oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: A Strategy to Combat Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species",
"doi": "10.3390/ijms17081252",
"pubmedId": "27517903",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081252",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-thyme-2016",
"title": "Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations",
"authors": "Satyal Prabodh, Murray Brittney, McFeeters Robert et al.",
"journal": "Foods",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.3390/foods5040070",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040070",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was measured in sample #1.",
"limitations": "Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Four directly measured Thymus vulgaris chemotypes from France and Serbia, May 2015, air-dried aerial parts",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "28231164",
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"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Ffoods5040070%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations",
"doi": "10.3390/foods5040070",
"pubmedId": "28231164",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040070",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-oregano-2020",
"title": "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS",
"authors": "Simirgiotis Mario J., Burton Daniel, Parra Felipe et al.",
"journal": "Metabolites",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.3390/metabo10100414",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was reported in the studied regional profile.",
"limitations": "Regional oil profile, not universal oregano composition. Colorimetric total phenolics do not identify named flavonoids. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Dried flowering aerial parts of Origanum vulgare, Socoroma/Putre, Chile, November 2019",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "33081116",
"citationReview": {
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"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmetabo10100414%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS",
"doi": "10.3390/metabo10100414",
"pubmedId": "33081116",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"title": "Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs",
"authors": "Boukhatem Mohamed Nadjib, Ferhat Mohamed Amine, Kameli Abdelkrim et al.",
"journal": "Libyan Journal of Medicine",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.3402/ljm.v9.25431",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v9.25431",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was reported in the study oil. The same oil inhibited fungal growth in culture and reduced experimentally induced mouse-ear edema.",
"limitations": "Fresh/dried feedstock reporting is inconsistent. Fungal cultures and topical mouse experiments are separate models; neither establishes human skin benefit or safe inhalation.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial material, Chiffa/Blida, Algeria, May 2013",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-fungi",
"health-skin-inflammation",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"pubmedId": "25242268",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
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"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3402%2Fljm.v9.25431%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs",
"doi": "10.3402/ljm.v9.25431",
"pubmedId": "25242268",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v9.25431",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"title": "Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf Essential Oil of Corymbia citriodora (Hook) from China",
"authors": "Jirovetz Leopold, Bail Stefanie, Buchbauer Gerhard et al.",
"journal": "Natural Product Communications",
"year": 2007,
"doi": "10.1177/1934578x0700200518",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0700200518",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"aldehyde",
"ester"
],
"finding": "Citronellal was reported; the source has a numerical value but sample-specific extraction is not established, so no composition number is imported.",
"limitations": "General introduction on steam distillation does not establish preparation of this sample. Rutin/quercetin assay comparators are not oil constituents. Not a PMD-rich processed product. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Chinese Corymbia citriodora leaf oil, commercial product 800319, Kurt Kitzing",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177%2F1934578x0700200518",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf Essential Oil of\n Corymbia citriodora\n (Hook) from China",
"doi": "10.1177/1934578x0700200518",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0700200518",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2004",
"title": "GC/MS Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Corymbia citriodora Hook. from Réunion Island",
"authors": "Vernin G. A., Parkanyi C., Cozzolino F. et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Essential Oil Research",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2004.9698798",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698798",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Citronellyl citronellate was reported as a trace constituent; no numerical amount was obtained.",
"limitations": "Trace ester reported; numerical concentration not available in the accessible abstract. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Corymbia citriodora leaf oil from Réunion Island",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1080%2F10412905.2004.9698798%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "GC/MS analysis of the volatile constituents of Corymbia citriodora Hook. from Reunion Island",
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2004.9698798",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698798",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"title": "Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Isolated from Canine Otological Infections",
"authors": "Albuquerque Vinicius de Queiroz, Soares Maria Janeila Carvalho, Matos Maria Nágila Carneiro et al.",
"journal": "Antibiotics",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics11010004",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010004",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"aldehyde",
"ester"
],
"finding": "(E)-Cinnamaldehyde was reported in this bark-oil sample. The same bark oil showed antistaphylococcal and antibiofilm effects against canine-otitis isolates in vitro.",
"limitations": "C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Canine-source cultures are not treated dogs; bark oil differs from leaf/root oils. No veterinary treatment or dermal suitability claim.",
"material": "Essential oil; Commercial Laszlo Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem-bark oil, manufacturer-reported Sri Lankan origin",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms"
],
"pubmedId": "35052881",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fantibiotics11010004%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Isolated from Canine Otological Infections",
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics11010004",
"pubmedId": "35052881",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010004",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-peppermint-tincture-2020",
"title": "Analysis of Polyphenolic Composition of a Herbal Medicinal Product: Peppermint Tincture",
"authors": "Bodalska Agnieszka, Kowalczyk Adam, Włodarczyk Maciej et al.",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25010069",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010069",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Eriocitrin and luteolin-7-O-rutinoside were reported. Flavonoids cannot be attributed to the added oil fraction.",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion; 23 commercial peppermint tinctures from Polish pharmacies",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry"
],
"pubmedId": "31878211",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmolecules25010069%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Analysis of Polyphenolic Composition of a Herbal Medicinal Product-Peppermint Tincture",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25010069",
"pubmedId": "31878211",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010069",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-eucalyptus-extract-2023",
"title": "Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves under Different Extraction Conditions",
"authors": "Park Jae Yeon, Kim Ju Yeon, Son Yun Gon et al.",
"journal": "Applied Sciences",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/app13179984",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179984",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Epicatechin, isoquercitrin and quercitrin were reported in leaf extracts.",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion; Eucalyptus globulus leaves from Haman-gun, Republic of Korea",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3390%2Fapp13179984",
"sourceTitle": "Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves under Different Extraction Conditions",
"doi": "10.3390/app13179984",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179984",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-thyme-extract-2022",
"title": "Modulatory Impact of Lamiaceae Metabolites on Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells",
"authors": "Berdowska Izabela, Zieliński Bogdan, Matusiewicz Małgorzata et al.",
"journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.867709",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.867709",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Luteolin-7-O-beta-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside were reported. The paper did not show a clear apoptotic effect for common-thyme extract; no treatment claim is inferred.",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion; Commercial Polish Thymus vulgaris herb, aqueous polyphenol-enriched extracts",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"pubmedId": "35784715",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3389%2Ffphar.2022.867709%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Modulatory Impact of Lamiaceae Metabolites on Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells",
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2022.867709",
"pubmedId": "35784715",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.867709",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-oregano-extract-2021",
"title": "UHPLC-DAD Characterization of Origanum vulgare L. from Atacama Desert Andean Region and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Activities",
"authors": "Parra Claudio, Muñoz Patricio, Bustos Luis et al.",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules26072100",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072100",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Luteolin, naringenin, rutin and apigenin were reported.",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion; Origanum vulgare from the Atacama Desert Andean region",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"pubmedId": "33917599",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmolecules26072100%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "UHPLC-DAD Characterization of Origanum vulgare L. from Atacama Desert Andean Region and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Activities",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules26072100",
"pubmedId": "33917599",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072100",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-lemongrass-infusion-2014",
"title": "Chemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin glycosides isolated from lemongrass",
"authors": "Francisco Vera, Figueirinha Artur, Costa Gustavo et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Functional Foods",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.003",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.003",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Cynaroside and isoorientin were identified in the leaf-infusion research.",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title.",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion; Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion and isolated glycosides",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2Fj.jff.2014.07.003",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin glycosides isolated from lemongrass",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.003",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-unavailable",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.003",
"scope": "Citation identity checked; this provider did not supply an abstract. Existing detailed claims require full-text review."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx01",
"title": "Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods",
"authors": "Gök Aslı, İsmail Kirbaşlar Ş., Gülay Kirbaşlar F.",
"journal": "Journal of Essential Oil Research",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2014.982872",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.982872",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was reported in the cold-pressed Kibris column.",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific. Hydrodistilled and supercritical-extract columns are separate samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Kibris cultivar Citrus limon peel oil; cold-pressed comparison column",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1080%2F10412905.2014.982872",
"sourceTitle": "Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods",
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2014.982872",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-unavailable",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.982872",
"scope": "Citation identity checked; this provider did not supply an abstract. Existing detailed claims require full-text review."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx02",
"title": "Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Sulfur-Containing Volatile Compounds from the In-Depth Analysis of Lisbon Lemon Peels (Citrus limon L. Burm. f. cv. Lisbon)",
"authors": "Cannon Robert J., Kazimierski Arkadiusz, Curto Nicole L. et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1021/jf505177r",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505177r",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"thiol"
],
"finding": "Prenylthiol and a thiol-bearing acetate ester were identified in Lisbon peel extract. This leaves a gap for cold-pressed oil.",
"limitations": "Peel extract is not cold-pressed commercial lemon essential oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Peel solvent extract; Lisbon cultivar Citrus limon peel solvent extract",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "25639384",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1021%2Fjf505177r%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Identification, synthesis, and characterization of novel sulfur-containing volatile compounds from the in-depth analysis of Lisbon lemon peels (Citrus limon L. Burm. f. cv. Lisbon)",
"doi": "10.1021/jf505177r",
"pubmedId": "25639384",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505177r",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx03",
"title": "Authenticity analysis of citrus essential oils by HPLC-UV-MS on oxygenated heterocyclic components",
"authors": "Fan Hao, Wu Qingli, Simon James E. et al.",
"journal": "Journal of Food and Drug Analysis",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.008",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.008",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "No direct positive PMF record for cold-pressed lemon oil is established by this curated source.",
"limitations": "Selected lemon samples lacked PMFs. Coumarins and furanocoumarins are not flavonoids; non-detection is not universal absence. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Authentic lemon and orange essential-oil profiles",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"pubmedId": "28911443",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1016%2Fj.jfda.2014.05.008%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Authenticity analysis of citrus essential oils by HPLC-UV-MS on oxygenated heterocyclic components",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.008",
"pubmedId": "28911443",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.008",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx04",
"title": "Authenticity Analysis of Cold-Pressed Orange Essential Oils by GC/MS on Polymethoxyflavone Components",
"authors": "Yang Kai-Min, Chen Chih-Wei, Chen Min-Hung et al.",
"journal": "Agriculture",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/agriculture13010179",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010179",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Tangeretin, sinensetin and nobiletin were verified with standards in cold-pressed orange oils. Source quantities are not imported.",
"limitations": "Commercial, crude and compounded samples are separate; do not merge them into a typical range. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction; Commercial and crude cold-pressed orange oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.3390%2Fagriculture13010179",
"sourceTitle": "Authenticity Analysis of Cold-Pressed Orange Essential Oils by GC/MS on Polymethoxyflavone Components",
"doi": "10.3390/agriculture13010179",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010179",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx05",
"title": "The effects of different extraction methods on essential oils from orange and tangor: From the peel to the essential oil",
"authors": "Park Min Kyung, Cha Ji Yoon, Kang Min‐Cheol et al.",
"journal": "Food Science & Nutrition",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1002/fsn3.3785",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3785",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Neryl acetate (called nerol acetate in the paper) was reported in the cold-pressed orange comparison. No concentration is imported.",
"limitations": "Orange and tangor are distinct samples; enrichment versus hydrodistillation is not a universal quantity. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cold-pressed Citrus sinensis orange peel oil, separate from tangor samples",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "38370058",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1002%2Ffsn3.3785%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The effects of different extraction methods on essential oils from orange and tangor: From the peel to the essential oil",
"doi": "10.1002/fsn3.3785",
"pubmedId": "38370058",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3785",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx07",
"title": "Characterization of aroma-impact compounds in cold-pressed grapefruit oil using time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"authors": "Lin Jianming, Rouseff Russell L.",
"journal": "Flavour and Fragrance Journal",
"year": 2001,
"doi": "10.1002/ffj.1041",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1041",
"studyType": "analytical-sensory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"thiol",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanol was detected, with low aroma activity in the tested oil.",
"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"useNodeIds": [
"sensory-aroma-chemistry-aroma-analysis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fffj.1041",
"sourceTitle": "Characterization of aroma‐impact compounds in cold‐pressed grapefruit oil using time–intensity GC–olfactometry and GC–MS",
"doi": "10.1002/ffj.1041",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1041",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx08",
"title": "An Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) Method for Toxicity and Safety Level Assessment of Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds and Terpene in Cold-Pressed Grapefruit Essential Oils",
"authors": "Zahiruddin Sultan, Wang Yan-Hong, Kothapalli Hari Babu et al.",
"journal": "ACS Omega",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c03454",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03454",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Nobiletin, heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin were quantified in the source. Individual sample quantities are not imported here.",
"limitations": "Commercial oils varied. Analytical quality-control findings do not establish clinical safety for arbitrary uses. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction; Varietal and commercial cold-pressed grapefruit oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"pubmedId": "40686995",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1021%2Facsomega.5c03454%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "An Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) Method for Toxicity and Safety Level Assessment of Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds and Terpene in Cold-Pressed Grapefruit Essential Oils",
"doi": "10.1021/acsomega.5c03454",
"pubmedId": "40686995",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03454",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx09",
"title": "Determination of new bioflavonoids in bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry",
"authors": "Donato Paola, Bonaccorsi Ivana, Russo Marina et al.",
"journal": "Flavour and Fragrance Journal",
"year": 2014,
"doi": "10.1002/ffj.3188",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3188",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Sinensetin, nobiletin, tetra-O-methylscutellarein and tangeretin were identified in the nonvolatile oil fraction. Cultivar-specific quantities are not imported.",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific findings, not juice or a bergamot-polyphenol supplement. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction; Femminello, Castagnaro and Fantastico bergamot peel oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Crossref",
"sourceUrl": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002%2Fffj.3188",
"sourceTitle": "Determination of new bioflavonoids in bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry",
"doi": "10.1002/ffj.3188",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3188",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx10",
"title": "Aromatherapy: composition of the gaseous phase at equilibrium with liquid bergamot essential oil",
"authors": "Leggio Antonella, Leotta Vanessa, Belsito Emilia Lucia et al.",
"journal": "Chemistry Central Journal",
"year": 2017,
"doi": "10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Neral and geranial were reported in the liquid oil; sample-specific extraction is not verified, so no numerical value is imported.",
"limitations": "Liquid composition is not inhaled-headspace composition. Extraction provenance is incomplete. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Liquid bergamot essential oil and its separately measured headspace",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "29098462",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1186%2Fs13065-017-0340-y%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Aromatherapy: composition of the gaseous phase at equilibrium with liquid bergamot essential oil",
"doi": "10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y",
"pubmedId": "29098462",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx11",
"title": "Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC",
"authors": "Dong Guangyao, Bai Xiaohui, Aimila Aoken et al.",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25143166",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143166",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Bornyl formate, bornyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate were reported in the hydrodistilled study oil.",
"limitations": "Different preparation from the catalog steam-distilled oil. Reported elemental S8 is not an organic thiol; replication/provenance is unresolved. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Lavandula angustifolia aerial-parts oil from Xinjiang",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "32664436",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmolecules25143166%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25143166",
"pubmedId": "32664436",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143166",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx12",
"title": "Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Biological Activities",
"authors": "Kačániová Miroslava, Vukovic Nenad L., Čmiková Natália et al.",
"journal": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/ijms24065179",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Linalyl acetate (called linalool acetate in the paper) was reported. The same commercial oil also showed variable antimicrobial/biofilm effects and laboratory insecticidal activity against Oxycarenus lavaterae; isolated caryophyllene was tested separately.",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample and laboratory/food models; constituent results are not whole-oil results. No clinical benefit, finished-product effect or safe pest application established.",
"material": "Essential oil; One commercial Salvia sclarea branches/leaves oil",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms",
"microbial-fungi",
"pest-plant-bugs-oxycarenus-lavaterae"
],
"pubmedId": "36982252",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fijms24065179%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Biological Activities",
"doi": "10.3390/ijms24065179",
"pubmedId": "36982252",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx13",
"title": "An In-Depth Study on the Chemical Composition and Biological Effects of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil",
"authors": "Kačániová Miroslava, Vukic Milena, Vukovic Nenad L. et al.",
"journal": "Foods",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/foods13010033",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010033",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, citronellyl pentanoate and geranyl valerate were reported. The same commercial oil also showed sample-specific antibacterial and biofilm effects, and laboratory mortality of Harmonia axyridis.",
"limitations": "One producer/sample and laboratory/food models; biofilm effects and insect mortality do not establish household disinfection, safe exposure or field control.",
"material": "Essential oil; Commercial Pelargonium graveolens fresh-plant-material oil",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-biofilms",
"pest-beetles-harmonia-axyridis"
],
"pubmedId": "38201061",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Ffoods13010033%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "An In-Depth Study on the Chemical Composition and Biological Effects of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil",
"doi": "10.3390/foods13010033",
"pubmedId": "38201061",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010033",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx14",
"title": "Improvement of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oil Characterization by GC×GC-TOFMS",
"authors": "Brokl Michał, Fauconnier Marie-Laure, Benini Céline et al.",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2013,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules18021783",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021783",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde were reported in time fractions; heptanal occurred in the early fraction. No whole-oil quantity is inferred.",
"limitations": "Fractions differ; not a single steam-distilled whole oil. Compound assignments depend on the reported analytical methods. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Early and late hydrodistilled Cananga odorata flower fractions from Mayotte",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "23364750",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmolecules18021783%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Improvement of ylang-ylang essential oil characterization by GC×GC-TOFMS",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules18021783",
"pubmedId": "23364750",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021783",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx15",
"title": "Improving the Quality of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oils Through Microwave-Assisted Extraction Compared to Conventional Extraction Methods",
"authors": "Chakira Abacar, Soria Christian, Lallemand Laura et al.",
"journal": "Plants",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.3390/plants14203217",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203217",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Benzyl acetate, methyl benzoate, cinnamyl acetate and benzyl benzoate characterize studied oils, including the steam-water sample.",
"limitations": "Steam-water differs from dry steam, hydrodistillation and microwave methods; do not combine columns. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cananga odorata flower oils; steam-water comparison sample",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "41157774",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fplants14203217%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Improving the Quality of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oils [Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. &Thomson] Through Microwave-Assisted Extraction Compared to Conventional Extraction Methods",
"doi": "10.3390/plants14203217",
"pubmedId": "41157774",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203217",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx16",
"title": "Antibacterial Activity of Palmarosa Essential Oil and Geraniol Against Clinical Isolates from Respiratory, Skin, and Soft Tissue Infections",
"authors": "Cebollada Pilar, Alvarado Elena, Seral Cristina et al.",
"journal": "Pharmaceutics",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics18010039",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18010039",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester",
"aldehyde"
],
"finding": "Supplier-provided composition listed neryl formate, neryl acetate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl caproate and geranyl caprylate. Quantities are not imported. The same palmarosa oil inhibited several cultured clinical isolates; P. aeruginosa was inactive at the tested range, and HepG2 viability declined at the highest oil concentration.",
"limitations": "Supplier composition was not independently remeasured. Clinical isolates are not a clinical trial. No wound, skin, respiratory or safety benefit established.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cymbopogon martini var. motia oil, batch OF012293",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria"
],
"pubmedId": "41599146",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fpharmaceutics18010039%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial Activity of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Will.Watson) Essential Oil and Geraniol Against Clinical Isolates from Respiratory, Skin, and Soft Tissue Infections",
"doi": "10.3390/pharmaceutics18010039",
"pubmedId": "41599146",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18010039",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx17",
"title": "Impact of Extraction Scale and Method on the Chemical Profile of Essential Oils: A Comparative Study Between Laboratory Hydrodistillation and Semi-Industrial Dry Steam Distillation",
"authors": "Léva Norbert, Gál Emese",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2026,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules31122105",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31122105",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate and hexyl butanoate occur in the extraction comparison. Sample-column values are not imported.",
"limitations": "Scale, drying and method vary together. Column-specific amounts are not imported. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Lavender steam-distilled/hydrodistilled comparison",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "42357503",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fmolecules31122105%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Impact of Extraction Scale and Method on the Chemical Profile of Essential Oils: A Comparative Study Between Laboratory Hydrodistillation and Semi-Industrial Dry Steam Distillation",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules31122105",
"pubmedId": "42357503",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31122105",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx18",
"title": "Pelargonium graveolens: Towards In-Depth Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Potential",
"authors": "Gevrenova Reneta, Zengin Gokhan, Balabanova Vessela et al.",
"journal": "Plants",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/plants13182612",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182612",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"flavonoid"
],
"finding": "Flavonoids were profiled at class level in the leaf extract, separate from the oil.",
"limitations": "Leaf-extract findings do not establish flavonoids in steam-distilled geranium oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Leaf solvent extract; Pelargonium graveolens methanol-aqueous leaf extract",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis"
],
"pubmedId": "39339589",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.3390%2Fplants13182612%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Pelargonium graveolens: Towards In-Depth Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Potential",
"doi": "10.3390/plants13182612",
"pubmedId": "39339589",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182612",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx19",
"title": "Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii",
"authors": "Joyce Blake L., Zheljazkov Valtcho D., Sykes Robert et al.",
"journal": "PLOS ONE",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0139195",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139195",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was measured in steam-distilled palmarosa biomass oil.",
"limitations": "Treatments and harvests are distinct samples, not a retail oil specification. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cymbopogon martinii palmarosa biomass oils across agronomic treatments and harvests",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"pubmedId": "26437026",
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139195%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii",
"doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0139195",
"pubmedId": "26437026",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139195",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "composition-cx21",
"title": "The Compositions of Turkish Bergamot Oils Produced by Cold-Pressing and Steam Distillation",
"authors": "Kirbaslar F. Gülay, Kirbaslar S. Ismail, Dramur Umur",
"journal": "Journal of Essential Oil Research",
"year": 2001,
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2001.9699710",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699710",
"studyType": "analytical-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"chemicalGroups": [
"ester"
],
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was reported in the cold-pressed ripe Turkish oil.",
"limitations": "Ripeness and season affect composition; this value is not universal. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title.",
"material": "Essential oil; Cold-pressed ripe Turkish bergamot peel oil",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI%3A%2210.1080%2F10412905.2001.9699710%22&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "The compositions of Turkish bergamot oils produced by cold-pressing and steam distillation",
"doi": "10.1080/10412905.2001.9699710",
"pubmedId": null,
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699710",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "yang-2021-citrus-cleaning",
"title": "Effects of Molecular Distillation on the Chemical Components, Cleaning, and Antibacterial Abilities of Four Different Citrus Oils",
"authors": "Yang F, Zhang H, Tian G, Ren W, Li J, Xiao H, Zheng J",
"journal": "Frontiers in Nutrition",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.3389/fnut.2021.731724",
"pubmedId": "34540881",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440794/",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Cold-pressed citrus peel oils and separate molecular-distillation fractions.",
"model": "Oil-soiled gauze bench assay.",
"studiedExposure": "4 mL test liquid on gauze bearing 2 mL cooking or machine oil.",
"finding": "Visual tests showed grease removal by tested citrus oils.",
"limitations": "Visual endpoint; detergent received different handling. Fractions are distinct materials; no dilute finished-product or surface-compatibility validation.",
"precaution": "Experimental quantities are not a recipe; cleaning results do not establish disinfection or skin safety.",
"useNodeIds": [
"cleaning-surface-soil-removal"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A34540881+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effects of Molecular Distillation on the Chemical Components, Cleaning, and Antibacterial Abilities of Four Different Citrus Oils",
"doi": "10.3389/fnut.2021.731724",
"pubmedId": "34540881",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440794/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "han-2017-frankincense-fibroblasts",
"title": "Biological activities of frankincense essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts",
"authors": "Han X, Rodriguez D, Parker TL",
"journal": "Biochimie Open",
"year": 2017,
"doi": "10.1016/j.biopen.2017.01.003",
"pubmedId": "29450138",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5801908/",
"studyType": "in-vitro-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Commercial doTERRA frankincense essential oil; botanical species unreported in main text.",
"model": "Cytokine-stimulated human neonatal dermal fibroblasts.",
"studiedExposure": "0.003% v/v oil in culture; DMSO vehicle.",
"finding": "Proliferation, collagen III, IP-10 and ICAM-1 declined.",
"limitations": "Mechanistic cell results, not clinical benefit or collagen boosting. Species match to catalog Boswellia serrata unresolved. Manufacturer-funded; authors were manufacturer employees.",
"precaution": "Cell concentrations do not set topical safety or dosing; no wound, scar or anti-aging efficacy established.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin-cellular-remodeling"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29450138+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Biological activities of frankincense essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts",
"doi": "10.1016/j.biopen.2017.01.003",
"pubmedId": "29450138",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5801908/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "panahi-2015-rosemary-alopecia",
"title": "Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial",
"authors": "Panahi Y, Taghizadeh M, Marzony ET, Sahebkar A",
"journal": "Skinmed",
"year": 2015,
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "25842469",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25842469/",
"fullTextUrl": "https://skinmedjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/skinmed_v13_i1.pdf",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 100,
"material": "Barij Essence rosemary-oil lotion standardized to at least 3.7 mg 1,8-cineole/mL; total oil percentage unspecified.",
"model": "Single-blind, six-month comparative trial; 100 men with androgenetic alopecia, 50 per arm.",
"studiedExposure": "1 mL scalp lotion twice daily with gentle massage.",
"finding": "Hair counts increased at six months in both groups; no significant between-group difference. Neither improved at three months. Itching increased in both groups.",
"limitations": "No vehicle placebo; lack of significant difference does not prove equivalence. Tested a standardized lotion, not arbitrary rosemary oil or spray.",
"precaution": "Research regimen is not a formulation recipe or recommendation; scalp irritation occurred.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin-scalp-hair"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A25842469+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial",
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "25842469",
"scope": "Publication identity only; this does not verify each oil, preparation, endpoint or composition measurement."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25842469/",
"scope": "Publication summary screened against indexed abstract. Detailed methods, sample composition and every oil-specific association are not thereby verified."
}
},
{
"id": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"title": "Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function",
"authors": "Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Graham JE, Malarkey WB, Porter K, Lemeshow S, Glaser R",
"journal": "Psychoneuroendocrinology",
"year": 2008,
"doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.015",
"pubmedId": "18178322",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178322/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 56,
"finding": "Lemon enhanced positive mood; lavender did not. Most physiological outcomes were unchanged; both oils reduced one measured immune response.",
"limitations": "Acute inhalation in healthy adults. Both oils were steam-extracted; catalog lemon is cold-pressed. No custom blend was tested.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-mood",
"health-immune",
"health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"health-skin-barrier-repair",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A18178322+AND+SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Olfactory influences on mood and autonomic, endocrine, and immune function",
"doi": "10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.015",
"pubmedId": "18178322",
"scope": "Publication identity only."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf",
"scope": "Methods and reported endpoints; preparation differences retained."
}
},
{
"id": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"title": "Antioxidant, Volatile Compounds; Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Dermatoprotective Properties of Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti Ex Carriere Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations",
"authors": "El Hachlafi N, Mrabti HN, Al-Mijalli SH, Jeddi M, Abdallah EM, Benkhaira N, Hadni H, Assaggaf H, Qasem A, Goh KW, Al-Farga A, Bouyahya A, Fikri-Benbrahim K",
"journal": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules28155913",
"pubmedId": "37570883",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37570883/",
"studyType": "in-vitro",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Hydrodistilled Atlas cedar wood oil inhibited tested bacterial and fungal cultures and 5-lipoxygenase in laboratory assays. GC-MS identified β- and α-himachalene among its main constituents.",
"limitations": "One Moroccan wood sample; laboratory culture and enzyme assays, not infection treatment, pain relief in humans or a validated spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37570883%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antioxidant, Volatile Compounds; Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Dermatoprotective Properties of Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti Ex Carriere Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules28155913",
"pubmedId": "37570883",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
},
{
"id": "martins-2015-atlas-cedar-pain",
"title": "Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain",
"authors": "Martins DF, Martins DF, Emer AA, Batisti AP, Donatello N, Carlesso MG, Mazzardo-Martins L, Venzke D, Micke GA, Pizzolatti MG, Piovezan AP, dos Santos AR",
"journal": "Journal of ethnopharmacology",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048",
"pubmedId": "26344850",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344850/",
"studyType": "animal-study",
"context": "animal",
"evidenceLevel": "animal",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Inhaled Cedrus atlantica oil reduced mechanical hypersensitivity after paw-incision surgery in male mice.",
"limitations": "Animal experiment. The abstract does not establish human analgesia, a safe exposure or the commercial oil batch specification.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26344850%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Inhalation of Cedrus atlantica essential oil alleviates pain behavior through activation of descending pain modulation pathways in a mouse model of postoperative pain",
"doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.048",
"pubmedId": "26344850",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344850/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "ghassemi-2016-german-chamomile-composition",
"title": "Increase of Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol Contents of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Using Salicylic Acid Treatments under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions",
"authors": "Ghasemi M, Babaeian Jelodar N, Modarresi M, Bagheri N, Jamali A",
"journal": "Foods (Basel, Switzerland)",
"year": 2016,
"doi": "10.3390/foods5030056",
"pubmedId": "28231151",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28231151/",
"studyType": "composition-analysis",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "GC-MS detected bisabolol-related constituents and chamazulene in distilled German chamomile flowers; profiles varied with cultivar, planting conditions and salicylic-acid treatment.",
"limitations": "Agronomic composition study. These sample profiles establish neither calming effects nor a universal commercial-oil composition.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28231151%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Increase of Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol Contents of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Using Salicylic Acid Treatments under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions",
"doi": "10.3390/foods5030056",
"pubmedId": "28231151",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5302395/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5302395/"
},
{
"id": "can-2012-german-chamomile-behavior",
"title": "Psychopharmacological profile of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil in mice",
"authors": "Can OD, Demir Özkay U, Kıyan HT, Demirci B",
"journal": "Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology",
"year": 2012,
"doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.001",
"pubmedId": "22070986",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070986/",
"studyType": "animal-study",
"context": "animal",
"evidenceLevel": "animal",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "German chamomile essential oil increased locomotion and anxiety-like behavior at the higher tested doses in mice, rather than showing a calming effect.",
"limitations": "Mouse behavioral tests. Exposure route was not established from the checked abstract; tea and extract studies cannot be substituted for this oil.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A22070986%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Psychopharmacological profile of Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil in mice",
"doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.001",
"pubmedId": "22070986",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070986/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"title": "Evidence Supports Tradition: The in Vitro Effects of Roman Chamomile on Smooth Muscles",
"authors": "Sándor Z, Mottaghipisheh J, Veres K, Hohmann J, Bencsik T, Horváth A, Kelemen D, Papp R, Barthó L, Csupor D",
"journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00323",
"pubmedId": "29681854",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681854/",
"studyType": "ex-vivo",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Roman chamomile essential oil relaxed isolated intestinal tissue. The paper tested oil and hydroethanolic extracts separately; its oil contained angelate esters.",
"limitations": "Isolated guinea-pig, rat and human tissue experiments, not a clinical trial. Direct tissue exposure does not establish digestive benefits from inhalation or a skin spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"health-digestive-smooth-muscle"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29681854%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evidence Supports Tradition: The in Vitro Effects of Roman Chamomile on Smooth Muscles",
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2018.00323",
"pubmedId": "29681854",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/"
},
{
"id": "hongratanaworakit-2004-sandalwood",
"title": "Evaluation of the effects of East Indian sandalwood oil and alpha-santalol on humans after transdermal absorption",
"authors": "Hongratanaworakit T, Heuberger E, Buchbauer G",
"journal": "Planta medica",
"year": 2004,
"doi": "10.1055/s-2004-815446",
"pubmedId": "14765284",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/",
"studyType": "human-experimental",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "After transdermal exposure, whole sandalwood oil reduced physiological arousal but increased behavioral activation. Isolated α-santalol had a different, more sedative profile.",
"limitations": "Acute study in healthy people with fragrance inhalation blocked by masks. Whole-oil findings are mixed and do not establish sleep, anxiety treatment or spray effectiveness.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"health-mental-health"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A14765284%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evaluation of the effects of East Indian sandalwood oil and alpha-santalol on humans after transdermal absorption",
"doi": "10.1055/s-2004-815446",
"pubmedId": "14765284",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"title": "East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO) Alleviates Inflammatory and Proliferative Pathologies of Psoriasis",
"authors": "Sharma M, Levenson C, Clements I, Castella P, Gebauer K, Cox ME",
"journal": "Frontiers in pharmacology",
"year": 2017,
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2017.00125",
"pubmedId": "28360856",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28360856/",
"studyType": "pilot-study",
"context": "human and laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 12,
"finding": "A small uncontrolled pilot reported improved plaque scores with a 10% sandalwood-oil serum; one participant withdrew after a mild application-site reaction. Separate skin-model experiments reduced inflammatory markers.",
"limitations": "Twelve enrolled, eleven evaluable; open-label, no placebo, proprietary formulation and manufacturer-affiliated authors. Study concentration is not a general dermal safety limit.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"health-skin-psoriasis"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A28360856%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO) Alleviates Inflammatory and Proliferative Pathologies of Psoriasis",
"doi": "10.3389/fphar.2017.00125",
"pubmedId": "28360856",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
},
{
"id": "lua-2015-ginger-chemotherapy",
"title": "Effects of inhaled ginger aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer",
"authors": "Lua PL, Salihah N, Mazlan N",
"journal": "Complementary therapies in medicine",
"year": 2015,
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2015.03.009",
"pubmedId": "26051575",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051575/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 60,
"finding": "In 60 women, inhaled ginger oil briefly reduced nausea but showed no significant overall nausea or vomiting benefit over fragrance-matched placebo.",
"limitations": "Single-blind crossover during chemotherapy. The authors found the evidence insufficient for efficacy; selected quality-of-life improvements do not establish nausea control.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-nausea-chemotherapy"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A26051575%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effects of inhaled ginger aromatherapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and health-related quality of life in women with breast cancer",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2015.03.009",
"pubmedId": "26051575",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051575/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "lee-2017-ginger-postoperative",
"title": "Effectiveness of Ginger Essential Oil on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Abdominal Surgery Patients",
"authors": "Lee YR, Shin HS",
"journal": "Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)",
"year": 2017,
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2015.0328",
"pubmedId": "27841938",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27841938/",
"studyType": "quasi-experimental",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 60,
"finding": "Postoperative nausea and vomiting scores were lower with ginger-oil inhalation than saline in 60 abdominal-surgery patients.",
"limitations": "Quasi-experimental, non-equivalent groups and an unscented comparator. Not a randomized blinded efficacy trial or evidence for oral ginger or a custom spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-nausea-postoperative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A27841938%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effectiveness of Ginger Essential Oil on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Abdominal Surgery Patients",
"doi": "10.1089/acm.2015.0328",
"pubmedId": "27841938",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27841938/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
"title": "Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Ginger Essential Oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus",
"authors": "Wang X, Shen Y, Thakur K, Han J, Zhang JG, Hu F, Wei ZJ",
"journal": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25173955",
"pubmedId": "32872604",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32872604/",
"studyType": "in-vitro",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Steam-distilled and CO₂-extracted ginger preparations were analyzed separately. Subsequent antibacterial tests used the CO₂ preparation, which inhibited E. coli and S. aureus in culture.",
"limitations": "The antibacterial arm did not test the catalog distilled oil. Reported chromatographic percentages are sample-specific and do not establish a product specification.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A32872604%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Ginger Essential Oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25173955",
"pubmedId": "32872604",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/"
},
{
"id": "pourshaikhian-2024-german-chamomile-acs",
"title": "Effects of aromatherapy with Matricaria chamomile essential oil on anxiety and hemodynamic indices in patients with acute coronary syndrome, 2021: a randomized controlled trial",
"authors": "Pourshaikhian M, Moghadamnia MT, Kazemnezhad Leyli E, Shafiei Kisomi Z",
"journal": "BMC complementary medicine and therapies",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.1186/s12906-023-04326-9",
"pubmedId": "38172912",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38172912/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 154,
"finding": "In 154 acute-coronary-syndrome patients, inhaled German chamomile diluted in sesame oil was associated with lower anxiety scores, blood pressure and heart rate over two nights versus sesame oil.",
"limitations": "Single hospital, short follow-up, subjective anxiety, scent-distinguishable comparator and baseline demographic imbalances despite randomization. Adjunct to usual hospital care; no evidence of treating coronary disease or validating a custom spray.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-mental-health-anxiety",
"health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A38172912%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effects of aromatherapy with Matricaria chamomile essential oil on anxiety and hemodynamic indices in patients with acute coronary syndrome, 2021: a randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1186/s12906-023-04326-9",
"pubmedId": "38172912",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/"
},
{
"id": "zargaran-2018-chamomile-migraine",
"title": "Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study",
"authors": "Zargaran A, Borhani-Haghighi A, Salehi-Marzijarani M, Faridi P, Daneshamouz S, Azadi A, Sadeghpour H, Sakhteman A, Mohagheghzadeh A",
"journal": "Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.1007/s10072-018-3415-1",
"pubmedId": "29808331",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808331/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 100,
"finding": "A crossover trial reported reduced migraine symptoms with a traditional chamomile-in-sesame-oil oleogel; 72 of 100 enrolled patients completed the protocol.",
"limitations": "A botanical extraction in sesame oil containing apigenin and chamazulene, not the catalog distilled essential oil. Attrition and formulation specificity limit transfer; no whole-oil efficacy inference.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-pain-inflammation-headache"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A29808331%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study",
"doi": "10.1007/s10072-018-3415-1",
"pubmedId": "29808331",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808331/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "el-assri-2025-roman-chamomile-bioactivity",
"title": "Molecular characterization, chemical profile and biological properties of essential oils from Chamaemelum nobile (L.) flowers of Morocco: in vitro and in silico studies",
"authors": "El-Assri EM, El-Assri Y, El Brahimi R, El Fadili M, Baghouz A, Abuelizz HA, Er-Rahmani S, Lahkimi A, Bouia A",
"journal": "Frontiers in chemistry",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.3389/fchem.2025.1539872",
"pubmedId": "39968372",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39968372/",
"studyType": "in-vitro",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Hydrodistilled Moroccan Roman chamomile flower oil inhibited tested bacteria and fungi. Separate cowpea-weevil experiments reported fumigant mortality and avoidance of treated filter paper.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays only. The unusual sesquiterpene-rich profile is not generalized to commercial ester-rich Roman chamomile. The abstract and methods/results disagree on insect exposure quantities; no dose, household protection or human infection claim is adopted.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"pest-beetles-callosobruchus-maculatus"
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"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A39968372%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Molecular characterization, chemical profile and biological properties of essential oils from Chamaemelum nobile (L.) flowers of Morocco: in vitro and in silico studies",
"doi": "10.3389/fchem.2025.1539872",
"pubmedId": "39968372",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
},
{
"id": "moy-2012-sandalwood-acne-regimen",
"title": "Single-center, open-label study of a proprietary topical 0.5% salicylic acid-based treatment regimen containing sandalwood oil in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate acne",
"authors": "Moy RL, Levenson C, So JJ, Rock JA",
"journal": "Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD",
"year": 2012,
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "23377508",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377508/",
"studyType": "open-label-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 47,
"finding": "An uncontrolled eight-week study reported improvement in 42 of 47 patients using a multi-product acne regimen containing salicylic acid and sandalwood oil.",
"limitations": "Combination regimen with 0.5% salicylic acid, no placebo or oil-only arm. The checked abstract describes Australian-sourced sandalwood without a botanical species; neither Santalum album identity nor an independent oil benefit is established.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-skin-acne"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A23377508%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Single-center, open-label study of a proprietary topical 0.5% salicylic acid-based treatment regimen containing sandalwood oil in adolescents and adults with mild to moderate acne",
"doi": null,
"pubmedId": "23377508",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377508/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "sforza-2023-ginger-postoperative",
"title": "Using Ginger Oil to Treat Nausea and Vomiting Following Breast Augmentation Surgery",
"authors": "Sforza M, Sidhu M, Okhiria R, Okhiria T, Saghir R, Saghir N, Husein R, Poojary M, Seifalian A",
"journal": "Plastic and aesthetic nursing",
"year": 2023,
"doi": "10.1097/psn.0000000000000534",
"pubmedId": "37774171",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37774171/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 30,
"finding": "A small randomized trial reported lower postoperative nausea/vomiting scores after ginger oil was placed on the laryngeal mask before breast-augmentation surgery.",
"limitations": "Thirty women at one center. Intraoperative airway-device exposure differs from everyday aromatherapy; extraction and batch identity are not specified in the checked abstract. No consumer exposure recommendation is inferred.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-nausea-postoperative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A37774171%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Using Ginger Oil to Treat Nausea and Vomiting Following Breast Augmentation Surgery",
"doi": "10.1097/psn.0000000000000534",
"pubmedId": "37774171",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37774171/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
"title": "Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint, ginger, and lavender on postoperative nausea severity after oral surgery under general anaesthesia: A single-blind randomized controlled trial",
"authors": "Ishikawa E, Fujisawa T, Kimura Y, Hojo T, Kamekura N, Kido K",
"journal": "Complementary therapies in medicine",
"year": 2025,
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103169",
"pubmedId": "40154579",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/",
"studyType": "randomized-controlled-trial",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 182,
"finding": "A peppermint, ginger and lavender blend reduced nausea severity after oral surgery. Rescue antiemetic use did not differ significantly; 57 of 182 randomized patients developed nausea and received the intervention.",
"limitations": "Three-oil combination versus water, single center and scent-distinguishable control. The symptomatic subgroup was much smaller than enrollment; individual-oil effects and a custom spray cannot be inferred.",
"useNodeIds": [
"health-digestive-nausea-postoperative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A40154579%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Effect of aromatherapy with peppermint, ginger, and lavender on postoperative nausea severity after oral surgery under general anaesthesia: A single-blind randomized controlled trial",
"doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103169",
"pubmedId": "40154579",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
}
},
{
"id": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
"title": "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Insect Activity of Cedar atlantica Essential Oil",
"authors": "Kačániová M, Galovičová L, Valková V, Ďuranová H, Štefániková J, Čmiková N, Vukic M, Vukovic NL, Kowalczewski PŁ",
"journal": "Plants (Basel, Switzerland)",
"year": 2022,
"doi": "10.3390/plants11030358",
"pubmedId": "35161339",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161339/",
"studyType": "in-vitro",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "A commercial Moroccan cedar-wood oil showed microbial inhibition and changes in experimental biofilms. A separate sealed-dish vapor assay caused firebug mortality.",
"limitations": "Commercial sample with a supplier-reported identity and a profile different from the other Atlas cedar sample. Food-model, culture and firebug assays are not clinical treatment, cleaning performance or mosquito/tick repellency. Mortality is not a repellency endpoint.",
"useNodeIds": [
"microbial-bacteria",
"microbial-fungi",
"microbial-biofilms",
"pest-plant-bugs-pyrrhocoris-apterus"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID%3A35161339%20AND%20SRC%3AMED&format=json&resultType=core",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Insect Activity of Cedar atlantica Essential Oil",
"doi": "10.3390/plants11030358",
"pubmedId": "35161339",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/",
"scope": "Material, methods, outcomes and limitations checked; no finished-product claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
},
{
"id": "oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces",
"title": "Antibacterial Activity of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) Essential Oil Vapors against Microbial Contaminants of Food-Contact Surfaces",
"authors": "Pinto L, Cervellieri S, Netti T, Lippolis V, Baruzzi F.",
"journal": "Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics13040371",
"pubmedId": "38667047",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38667047/",
"studyType": "in-vitro",
"context": "laboratory",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Oregano oil vapor reduced culturable bacteria on steel, polypropylene and glass coupons. Most tested combinations had no detectable viable cells; one Staphylococcus/glass combination retained survivors.",
"limitations": "Controlled vapor exposure, not a household spray. Results depend on organism, surface, soil load and exposure conditions; no infection-prevention or certified-disinfectant claim.",
"useNodeIds": [
"cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/38667047",
"sourceTitle": "Antibacterial Activity of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) Essential Oil Vapors against Microbial Contaminants of Food-Contact Surfaces.",
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics13040371",
"pubmedId": "38667047",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38667047/",
"scope": "Primary abstract checked; no full-text or product efficacy claim."
},
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11047463/"
},
{
"id": "tea-tree-2021-hand-hygiene",
"title": "Antimicrobial and hand hygiene effects of Tea Tree Essential Oil disinfectant: A randomised control trial",
"authors": "Youn BH, Kim YS, Yoo S, Hur MH.",
"journal": "International journal of clinical practice",
"year": 2021,
"doi": "10.1111/ijcp.14206",
"pubmedId": "33950544",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33950544/",
"studyType": "RCT",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 112,
"finding": "A randomized trial in 112 adults compared a 10% tea-tree formulation, alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and no treatment. Post-treatment bacterial counts differed among groups; the abstract does not establish equivalence or superiority to alcohol.",
"limitations": "Specific 10% formulation with solubilizer and glycerin. Short-term hand measurements, not infection rates, arbitrary dilution advice or surface-disinfection evidence.",
"useNodeIds": [
"cleaning-hand-hygiene"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33950544",
"sourceTitle": "Antimicrobial and hand hygiene effects of Tea Tree Essential Oil disinfectant: A randomised control trial.",
"doi": "10.1111/ijcp.14206",
"pubmedId": "33950544",
"scope": "Publication identity checked independently from endpoint applicability."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "abstract-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33950544/",
"scope": "Primary abstract checked; no full-text or product efficacy claim."
}
},
{
"id": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"title": "Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)",
"authors": "",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2019,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules24122302",
"pubmedId": "31234360",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/",
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Hemp oils inhibited tested Gram-positive bacteria; none inhibited the tested Gram-negative bacteria.",
"limitations": "Seventeen oils varied by cultivar and composition. Culture assays do not establish surface disinfection or treatment of infection.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/",
"sourceTitle": "Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp)",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules24122302",
"pubmedId": "31234360",
"scope": "Primary full-text publication metadata checked."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/",
"scope": "Whole-oil arms checked separately from extracts and isolated compounds."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"reason": "Cannabis essential oil explicitly tested."
}
},
{
"id": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"title": "Chromatographic Analyses, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Cytotoxicity of Cannabis sativa L. Essential Oil: A Multidisciplinary Study",
"authors": "Gokhan Zengin, Luigi Menghini, Antonella Di Sotto, Romina Mancinelli, Francesca Sisto, Simone Carradori, Stefania Cesa, Caterina Fraschetti, Antonello Filippi, Letizia Angiolella, Marcello Locatelli, Luisa Mannina, Cinzia Ingallina, Valentina Puca, Marianna D’Antonio, Rossella Grande",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules23123266",
"pubmedId": "30544765",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/",
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Futura 75 hemp oil inhibited bacteria and reduced viable cells in mature biofilms, but did not inhibit the tested yeasts.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-biofilms",
"microbial-fungi-yeast"
],
"citationReview": {
"status": "identity-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"provider": "Europe PMC",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/",
"sourceTitle": "Chromatographic Analyses, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Cytotoxicity of Cannabis sativa L. Essential Oil: A Multidisciplinary Study",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules23123266",
"pubmedId": "30544765",
"scope": "Primary full-text publication metadata checked."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/",
"scope": "Whole-oil arms checked separately from extracts and isolated compounds."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
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}
},
{
"id": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"title": "Cannabis Essential Oil: A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects",
"authors": "Nadia Gulluni, Tania Re, Idalba Loiacono, Giovanni Lanzo, Luigi Gori, Claudio Macchi, Francesco Epifani, Nicola Bragazzi, Fabio Firenzuoli",
"journal": "Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM",
"year": 2018,
"doi": "10.1155/2018/1709182",
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"studyType": "pilot-study",
"context": "human",
"evidenceLevel": "clinical",
"sampleSize": 5,
"finding": "Five volunteers reported feeling calmer after smelling hemp oil; physiological and brain-wave measures also changed.",
"limitations": "Only five healthy volunteers, with a fixed exposure order. No clinical anxiety, depression, sleep or memory treatment was tested.",
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"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"health-mental-health-mood",
"health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology"
],
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"provider": "Europe PMC",
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"sourceTitle": "Cannabis Essential Oil: A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects",
"doi": "10.1155/2018/1709182",
"pubmedId": "29576792",
"scope": "Primary full-text publication metadata checked."
},
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"scope": "Whole-oil arms checked separately from extracts and isolated compounds."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
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"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
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],
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}
},
{
"id": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"title": "Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?",
"authors": "Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Vladimir Sikora, Ivayla Dincheva, Miroslava Kačániová, Tess Astatkie, Ivanka B. Semerdjieva, Dragana Latkovic",
"journal": "Molecules",
"year": 2020,
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25204631",
"pubmedId": "33053634",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/",
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Hemp oils varied in composition and laboratory antimicrobial activity across cultivars and wild accessions.",
"limitations": "Disc-diffusion results depend on the oil and organism. Some hydrodistilled samples contained cannabinoids; they do not represent every retail hemp oil.",
"useNodeIds": [
"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-fungi-yeast"
],
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"sourceTitle": "Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity?",
"doi": "10.3390/molecules25204631",
"pubmedId": "33053634",
"scope": "Primary full-text publication metadata checked."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
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"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/",
"scope": "Whole-oil arms checked separately from extracts and isolated compounds."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"reason": "Cannabis essential oil explicitly tested."
}
},
{
"id": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"title": "Spent Material Extractives from Hemp Hydrodistillation as an Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Cannabinoids",
"authors": "Simon Vlad Luca, Krzysztof Wojtanowski, Izabela Korona-Głowniak, Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak, Mirjana Minceva, Adriana Trifan",
"journal": "Antibiotics",
"year": 2024,
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics13060485",
"pubmedId": "38927152",
"url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/",
"fullTextUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/",
"studyType": "laboratory-study",
"context": "in-vitro",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sampleSize": null,
"finding": "Hemp essential oil inhibited selected microbes in culture; stronger results from cannabinoid-rich extracts were separate experiments.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
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"botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"microbial-fungi-yeast",
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],
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"sourceTitle": "Spent Material Extractives from Hemp Hydrodistillation as an Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Cannabinoids",
"doi": "10.3390/antibiotics13060485",
"pubmedId": "38927152",
"scope": "Primary full-text publication metadata checked."
},
"summaryReview": {
"status": "full-text-screened",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"sourceUrl": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/",
"scope": "Whole-oil arms checked separately from extracts and isolated compounds."
},
"oilLinkReview": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"approvedOilIds": [
"cannabis"
],
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"reason": "Cannabis essential oil explicitly tested."
}
}
],
"sources": [
{
"id": "src-composition-note",
"label": "Sample composition ranges: typical published GC-MS values; replace with cited sources in research pass.",
"url": ""
},
{
"id": "oswald-2021",
"label": "Oswald et al. (2021): prenylated volatile sulfur compounds in cannabis",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04196",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Cannabis flowers and concentrated hydrocarbon extracts",
"method": "GC×GC with TOF-MS, FID and sulfur chemiluminescence; sensory evaluation"
},
{
"id": "oswald-2023",
"label": "Oswald et al. (2023): minor nonterpenoid volatiles and aroma",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c04496",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Cannabis ice-hash rosin extracts",
"method": "GC×GC and sensory evaluation"
},
{
"id": "paryani-2024",
"label": "Paryani et al. (2024): nonterpenoid diversity and aroma",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c03225",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Cannabis ice-hash rosin extracts",
"method": "GC×GC and sensory panel"
},
{
"id": "bautista-2021",
"label": "Bautista, Yu and Tian (2021): flavonoids in Cannabis sativa",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00318",
"type": "chemistry-review",
"evidenceLevel": "review",
"material": "Plant material and preparations reviewed; not distilled oil",
"method": "Literature review"
},
{
"id": "chebi-linalyl-acetate",
"label": "ChEBI: linalyl acetate, ester and monoterpenoid",
"url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:78333",
"type": "taxonomy"
},
{
"id": "chebi-citronellal",
"label": "ChEBI: citronellal, aldehyde and monoterpenoid",
"url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:47856",
"type": "taxonomy"
},
{
"id": "chebi-cinnamaldehyde",
"label": "ChEBI: (E)-cinnamaldehyde identity",
"url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:16731",
"type": "taxonomy"
},
{
"id": "pubchem-citral",
"label": "PubChem: citral",
"url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/638011",
"type": "taxonomy"
},
{
"id": "iupac-thiol",
"label": "IUPAC Gold Book: thiols",
"url": "https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/T06359",
"type": "taxonomy"
},
{
"id": "pellati-2018",
"label": "Pellati et al. (2018): nonpsychoactive constituents and analytical methods",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102639",
"type": "chemistry-review"
},
{
"id": "peppermint-2012",
"label": "Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. (2012)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Hydrodistilled air-dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha piperita, Fars, Iran",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS identification and GC-FID uncorrected peak-area percentages; semiquantitative",
"limitations": "The hydrodistilled study sample is not the catalog steam-distilled product. No human efficacy inference.",
"studyRef": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "eucalyptus-2023",
"label": "Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus globulus Essential Oil (2023)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Hanus oil from fresh Eucalyptus globulus leaves cultivated in Spain",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS and GC-FID; relative peak areas",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide.",
"studyRef": "composition-eucalyptus-2023",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "tea-tree-2022",
"label": "Chemical and Biological Characterization of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil (2022)",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11040558",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Melaleuca alternifolia oil supplied in Slovakia, from young branches and leaves",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS and GC-FID; relative peak areas",
"limitations": "Table excludes constituents below 0.1%. It cannot establish absence of trace compounds."
},
{
"id": "citronella-2016",
"label": "Essential Oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: A Strategy to Combat Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species (2016)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon nardus leaves collected July 2013 in a Brazilian medicinal-plant garden",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; retention indices and spectral matching; relative composition",
"limitations": "C. nardus is not interchangeable with C. winterianus. Sample differs from catalog steam-distillation label; assignments rely on GC-MS matching.",
"studyRef": "composition-citronella-2016",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "thyme-2016",
"label": "Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations (2016)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Four directly measured Thymus vulgaris chemotypes from France and Serbia, May 2015, air-dried aerial parts",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS with retention-index/spectral matching; selected chiral GC",
"limitations": "Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples.",
"studyRef": "composition-thyme-2016",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "oregano-2020",
"label": "Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS (2020)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Dried flowering aerial parts of Origanum vulgare, Socoroma/Putre, Chile, November 2019",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; relative composition; retention-index/library matching with selected standards",
"limitations": "Regional oil profile, not universal oregano composition. Colorimetric total phenolics do not identify named flavonoids.",
"studyRef": "composition-oregano-2020",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "lemongrass-2014",
"label": "Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs (2014)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial material, Chiffa/Blida, Algeria, May 2013",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; uncorrected normalized peak-area percentages",
"limitations": "Fresh/dried feedstock is inconsistent in the paper. Correct isomer names: geranial is E/trans; neral is Z/cis. Animal/in-vitro evidence is not human efficacy.",
"studyRef": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"label": "Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf Essential Oil of Corymbia citriodora (Hook) from China (2007)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Chinese Corymbia citriodora leaf oil, commercial product 800319, Kurt Kitzing",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not reported",
"method": "GC-FID/GC-MS; relative GC-FID peak areas",
"limitations": "General introduction on steam distillation does not establish preparation of this sample. Rutin/quercetin assay comparators are not oil constituents. Not a PMD-rich processed product.",
"studyRef": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "lemon-eucalyptus-2004",
"label": "GC/MS Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Corymbia citriodora Hook. from Réunion Island (2004)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Corymbia citriodora leaf oil from Réunion Island",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC and GC-MS on polar and nonpolar columns",
"limitations": "Trace ester reported; numerical concentration not available in the accessible abstract.",
"studyRef": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2004",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cinnamon-2022",
"label": "Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Isolated from Canine Otological Infections (2022)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Laszlo Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem-bark oil, manufacturer-reported Sri Lankan origin",
"extraction": "manufacturer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; normalized peak areas, retention-index/library matching",
"limitations": "C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Bark differs from leaf/root oils. Canine isolates were tested in vitro, not in a treatment trial.",
"studyRef": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "peppermint-tincture-2020",
"label": "Analysis of Polyphenolic Composition of a Herbal Medicinal Product: Peppermint Tincture (2020)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "23 commercial peppermint tinctures from Polish pharmacies",
"extraction": "Commercial alcoholic leaf tinctures, some with added oil",
"method": "HPLC-DAD and U(H)PLC-ESI-MS with standards",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-peppermint-tincture-2020",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "eucalyptus-extract-2023",
"label": "Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Eucalyptus globulus Leaves under Different Extraction Conditions (2023)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Eucalyptus globulus leaves from Haman-gun, Republic of Korea",
"extraction": "Water/ethanol extraction",
"method": "LC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC with standards",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-eucalyptus-extract-2023",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "thyme-extract-2022",
"label": "Modulatory Impact of Lamiaceae Metabolites on Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells (2022)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Commercial Polish Thymus vulgaris herb, aqueous polyphenol-enriched extracts",
"extraction": "Aqueous extraction and polyphenol fractionation",
"method": "UHPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-thyme-extract-2022",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "oregano-extract-2021",
"label": "UHPLC-DAD Characterization of Origanum vulgare L. from Atacama Desert Andean Region and Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibition Activities (2021)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Origanum vulgare from the Atacama Desert Andean region",
"extraction": "Ethanolic extraction",
"method": "UHPLC-DAD with commercial standards",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-oregano-extract-2021",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "lemongrass-infusion-2014",
"label": "Chemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin glycosides isolated from lemongrass (2014)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion and isolated glycosides",
"extraction": "Aqueous infusion and compound isolation",
"method": "NMR structural characterization",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-lemongrass-infusion-2014",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx01",
"label": "Comparison of lemon oil composition after using different extraction methods (2015)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Kibris cultivar Citrus limon peel oil; cold-pressed comparison column",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "GC/GC-MS extraction comparison",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific. Hydrodistilled and supercritical-extract columns are separate samples.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx01",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx02",
"label": "Identification, Synthesis, and Characterization of Novel Sulfur-Containing Volatile Compounds from the In-Depth Analysis of Lisbon Lemon Peels (Citrus limon L. Burm. f. cv. Lisbon) (2015)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Lisbon cultivar Citrus limon peel solvent extract",
"extraction": "solvent extraction of peel",
"method": "Analytical identification and structural characterization",
"limitations": "Peel extract is not cold-pressed commercial lemon essential oil.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx02",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx03",
"label": "Authenticity analysis of citrus essential oils by HPLC-UV-MS on oxygenated heterocyclic components (2015)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Authentic lemon and orange essential-oil profiles",
"extraction": "Oil preparations compared in publication",
"method": "HPLC-UV-MS and GC comparison",
"limitations": "Selected lemon samples lacked PMFs. Coumarins and furanocoumarins are not flavonoids; non-detection is not universal absence.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx03",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx04",
"label": "Authenticity Analysis of Cold-Pressed Orange Essential Oils by GC/MS on Polymethoxyflavone Components (2023)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Commercial and crude cold-pressed orange oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "GC-MS with authentic polymethoxyflavone standards",
"limitations": "Commercial, crude and compounded samples are separate; do not merge them into a typical range.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx04",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx05",
"label": "The effects of different extraction methods on essential oils from orange and tangor: From the peel to the essential oil (2024)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus sinensis orange peel oil, separate from tangor samples",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Volatile profiling comparison",
"limitations": "Orange and tangor are distinct samples; enrichment versus hydrodistillation is not a universal quantity.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx05",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx07",
"label": "Characterization of aroma-impact compounds in cold-pressed grapefruit oil using time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS (2001)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx07",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx08",
"label": "An Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) Method for Toxicity and Safety Level Assessment of Oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds and Terpene in Cold-Pressed Grapefruit Essential Oils (2025)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Varietal and commercial cold-pressed grapefruit oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Validated UHPLC-MS/MS",
"limitations": "Commercial oils varied. Analytical quality-control findings do not establish clinical safety for arbitrary uses.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx08",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx09",
"label": "Determination of new bioflavonoids in bergamot (Citrus bergamia) peel oil by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem ion trap-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2014)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Femminello, Castagnaro and Fantastico bergamot peel oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "manual cold pressing",
"method": "LC-MS/PDA",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific findings, not juice or a bergamot-polyphenol supplement.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx09",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx10",
"label": "Aromatherapy: composition of the gaseous phase at equilibrium with liquid bergamot essential oil (2017)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Liquid bergamot essential oil and its separately measured headspace",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not verified",
"method": "Quantitative GC-MS/GC-FID",
"limitations": "Liquid composition is not inhaled-headspace composition. Extraction provenance is incomplete.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx10",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx11",
"label": "Study on Lavender Essential Oil Chemical Compositions by GC-MS and Improved pGC (2020)",
"type": "composition-study",
"evidenceLevel": "laboratory",
"sample": "Lavandula angustifolia aerial-parts oil from Xinjiang",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS, preparative GC and NMR",
"limitations": "Different preparation from the catalog steam-distilled oil. Reported elemental S8 is not an organic thiol; replication/provenance is unresolved.",
"studyRef": "composition-cx11",
"inheritedFields": [
"url"
]
},
{
"id": "cx12",
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"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral",
"citronellal"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Kibris cultivar Citrus limon peel oil; cold-pressed comparison column",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "GC/GC-MS extraction comparison",
"finding": "Octanal, nonanal, decanal, neral, geranial and citronellal were reported. Source-specific numbers are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx01"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific. Hydrodistilled and supercritical-extract columns are separate samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx01"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemon-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon",
"observation": {
"group": "thiol",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"prenylthiol"
],
"material": "Peel solvent extract",
"sample": "Lisbon cultivar Citrus limon peel solvent extract",
"extraction": "solvent extraction of peel",
"method": "Analytical identification and structural characterization",
"finding": "Prenylthiol and a thiol-bearing acetate ester were identified in Lisbon peel extract. This leaves a gap for cold-pressed oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx02"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Peel extract is not cold-pressed commercial lemon essential oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx02"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemon-4",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "not-found",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Authentic lemon and orange essential-oil profiles",
"extraction": "Oil preparations compared in publication",
"method": "HPLC-UV-MS and GC comparison",
"finding": "No direct positive PMF record for cold-pressed lemon oil is established by this curated source.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx03"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Selected lemon samples lacked PMFs. Coumarins and furanocoumarins are not flavonoids; non-detection is not universal absence."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx03"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lavender-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lavender",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Lavender steam-distilled/hydrodistilled comparison",
"extraction": "Dry steam distillation and hydrodistillation, kept separate",
"method": "GC-MS comparison",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate and hexyl butanoate occur in the extraction comparison. Sample-column values are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx17"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Scale, drying and method vary together. Column-specific amounts are not imported."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx17"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lavender-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lavender",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Lavandula angustifolia aerial-parts oil from Xinjiang",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS, preparative GC and NMR",
"finding": "Bornyl formate, bornyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate were reported in the hydrodistilled study oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx11"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Different preparation from the catalog steam-distilled oil. Reported elemental S8 is not an organic thiol; replication/provenance is unresolved."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx11"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lavender-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lavender",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Lavandula angustifolia aerial-parts oil from Xinjiang",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS, preparative GC and NMR",
"finding": "Cuminaldehyde and phellandral were reported in hydrodistilled aerial-parts oil. This is not an exact steam-oil claim.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx11"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Different preparation from the catalog steam-distilled oil. Reported elemental S8 is not an organic thiol; replication/provenance is unresolved."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx11"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-peppermint-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"menthyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Hydrodistilled air-dried flowering aerial parts of Mentha piperita, Fars, Iran",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS identification and GC-FID uncorrected peak-area percentages; semiquantitative",
"finding": "Menthyl acetate was reported in the study oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"analyte": "Menthyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 15.1,
"max": 15.1
},
"basis": "Uncorrected GC-FID peak-area %, semiquantitative, not mass percentage; cited sample only",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "The hydrodistilled study sample is not the catalog steam-distilled product. No human efficacy inference."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-peppermint-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "23 commercial peppermint tinctures from Polish pharmacies",
"extraction": "Commercial alcoholic leaf tinctures, some with added oil",
"method": "HPLC-DAD and U(H)PLC-ESI-MS with standards",
"finding": "Eriocitrin and luteolin-7-O-rutinoside were reported. Flavonoids cannot be attributed to the added oil fraction.",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-tincture-2020"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-tincture-2020"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-eucalyptus-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Hanus oil from fresh Eucalyptus globulus leaves cultivated in Spain",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS and GC-FID; relative peak areas",
"finding": "Isobutyl isobutyrate was reported in the commercial sample.",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-2023"
],
"analyte": "Isobutyl isobutyrate",
"range": {
"min": 0.1,
"max": 0.1
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-2023"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-eucalyptus-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Eucalyptus globulus leaves from Haman-gun, Republic of Korea",
"extraction": "Water/ethanol extraction",
"method": "LC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC with standards",
"finding": "Epicatechin, isoquercitrin and quercitrin were reported in leaf extracts.",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-extract-2023"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-extract-2023"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-tea-tree-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "not-found",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Melaleuca alternifolia oil supplied in Slovakia, from young branches and leaves",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS and GC-FID; relative peak areas",
"finding": "This curated source does not verify an ester record for this profile. Its reporting threshold is not an absence test.",
"sourceIds": [
"tea-tree-2022"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Table excludes constituents below 0.1%. It cannot establish absence of trace compounds."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"tea-tree-2022"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-sweet-orange-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus sinensis orange peel oil, separate from tangor samples",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Volatile profiling comparison",
"finding": "Neryl acetate (called nerol acetate in the paper) was reported in the cold-pressed orange comparison. No concentration is imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx05"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Orange and tangor are distinct samples; enrichment versus hydrodistillation is not a universal quantity."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx05"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-sweet-orange-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus sinensis orange peel oil, separate from tangor samples",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Volatile profiling comparison",
"finding": "Hexanal, 2-hexenal and neral (beta-citral) were reported in the orange oil comparison.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx05"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Orange and tangor are distinct samples; enrichment versus hydrodistillation is not a universal quantity."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx05"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-sweet-orange-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"nobiletin"
],
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction",
"sample": "Commercial and crude cold-pressed orange oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "GC-MS with authentic polymethoxyflavone standards",
"finding": "Tangeretin, sinensetin and nobiletin were verified with standards in cold-pressed orange oils. Source quantities are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx04"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"sourceQuantityNote": "Source measurements use micrograms per milliliter; values are not transcribed here.",
"limitations": "Commercial, crude and compounded samples are separate; do not merge them into a typical range."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx04"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-citronella-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "citronella",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citronellal"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon nardus leaves collected July 2013 in a Brazilian medicinal-plant garden",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; retention indices and spectral matching; relative composition",
"finding": "Citronellal was reported in this C. nardus sample.",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"analyte": "Citronellal",
"range": {
"min": 27.87,
"max": 27.87
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "C. nardus is not interchangeable with C. winterianus. Sample differs from catalog steam-distillation label; assignments rely on GC-MS matching."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-citronella-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "citronella",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon nardus leaves collected July 2013 in a Brazilian medicinal-plant garden",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; retention indices and spectral matching; relative composition",
"finding": "Neral, geranial, octanal, decanal and (Z)-4-decenal were also reported. No combined citral percentage is inferred.",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "C. nardus is not interchangeable with C. winterianus. Sample differs from catalog steam-distillation label; assignments rely on GC-MS matching."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-citronella-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "citronella",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon nardus leaves collected July 2013 in a Brazilian medicinal-plant garden",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; retention indices and spectral matching; relative composition",
"finding": "Citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate and citronellyl butyrate were reported. Source values have not been imported here.",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "C. nardus is not interchangeable with C. winterianus. Sample differs from catalog steam-distillation label; assignments rely on GC-MS matching."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-thyme-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "thyme",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Sample #1: Nyons, France, Thymus vulgaris linalool chemotype, air-dried aerial parts, May 2015",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS with retention-index/spectral matching; selected chiral GC",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was measured in sample #1.",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"analyte": "Linalyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 14.26,
"max": 14.26
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-thyme-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "thyme",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Sample #3: Jablanicki, Serbia, Thymus vulgaris geraniol chemotype, air-dried aerial parts, May 2015",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS with retention-index/spectral matching; selected chiral GC",
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was measured in sample #3.",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"analyte": "Geranyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 16.72,
"max": 16.72
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-thyme-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "thyme",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Four directly measured Thymus vulgaris chemotypes from France and Serbia, May 2015, air-dried aerial parts",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS with retention-index/spectral matching; selected chiral GC",
"finding": "Neral, geranial and nonanal appear in one or more directly measured chemotypes; decanal has a trace entry. Individual column values are not imported. These findings do not apply to every thyme oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-thyme-4",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "thyme",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Commercial Polish Thymus vulgaris herb, aqueous polyphenol-enriched extracts",
"extraction": "Aqueous extraction and polyphenol fractionation",
"method": "UHPLC-MS and HPLC-PDA",
"finding": "Luteolin-7-O-beta-glucuronide and apigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside were reported. The paper did not show a clear apoptotic effect for common-thyme extract; no treatment claim is inferred.",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-extract-2022"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-extract-2022"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-oregano-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "oregano",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Dried flowering aerial parts of Origanum vulgare, Socoroma/Putre, Chile, November 2019",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC-MS; relative composition; retention-index/library matching with selected standards",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was reported in the studied regional profile.",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-2020"
],
"analyte": "Linalyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 7.2,
"max": 7.2
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "Regional oil profile, not universal oregano composition. Colorimetric total phenolics do not identify named flavonoids."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-2020"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-oregano-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "oregano",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Origanum vulgare from the Atacama Desert Andean region",
"extraction": "Ethanolic extraction",
"method": "UHPLC-DAD with commercial standards",
"finding": "Luteolin, naringenin, rutin and apigenin were reported.",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-extract-2021"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-extract-2021"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemongrass-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial material, Chiffa/Blida, Algeria, May 2013",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; uncorrected normalized peak-area percentages",
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was reported in the study oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"analyte": "Geranyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 4.3,
"max": 4.3
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "Fresh/dried feedstock is inconsistent in the paper. Correct isomer names: geranial is E/trans; neral is Z/cis. Animal/in-vitro evidence is not human efficacy."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemongrass-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral",
"citronellal"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial material, Chiffa/Blida, Algeria, May 2013",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; uncorrected normalized peak-area percentages",
"finding": "The study reported geranial and neral separately, alongside citronellal. No universal citral ratio is inferred.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Fresh/dried feedstock is inconsistent in the paper. Correct isomer names: geranial is E/trans; neral is Z/cis. Animal/in-vitro evidence is not human efficacy."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemongrass-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Plant extract / infusion",
"sample": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion and isolated glycosides",
"extraction": "Aqueous infusion and compound isolation",
"method": "NMR structural characterization",
"finding": "Cynaroside and isoorientin were identified in the leaf-infusion research.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-infusion-2014"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-infusion-2014"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemon-eucalyptus-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citronellal"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Chinese Corymbia citriodora leaf oil, commercial product 800319, Kurt Kitzing",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not reported",
"method": "GC-FID/GC-MS; relative GC-FID peak areas",
"finding": "Citronellal was reported; the source has a numerical value but sample-specific extraction is not established, so no composition number is imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2007"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "General introduction on steam distillation does not establish preparation of this sample. Rutin/quercetin assay comparators are not oil constituents. Not a PMD-rich processed product."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2007"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemon-eucalyptus-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Chinese Corymbia citriodora leaf oil, commercial product 800319, Kurt Kitzing",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not reported",
"method": "GC-FID/GC-MS; relative GC-FID peak areas",
"finding": "Isobutyl isobutyrate, citronellyl acetate and geranyl acetate were reported; values are not imported because preparation provenance is incomplete.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2007"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "General introduction on steam distillation does not establish preparation of this sample. Rutin/quercetin assay comparators are not oil constituents. Not a PMD-rich processed product."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2007"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-lemon-eucalyptus-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Corymbia citriodora leaf oil from Réunion Island",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation",
"method": "GC and GC-MS on polar and nonpolar columns",
"finding": "Citronellyl citronellate was reported as a trace constituent; no numerical amount was obtained.",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2004"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Trace ester reported; numerical concentration not available in the accessible abstract."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2004"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-cinnamon-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"cinnamaldehyde"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Laszlo Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem-bark oil, manufacturer-reported Sri Lankan origin",
"extraction": "manufacturer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; normalized peak areas, retention-index/library matching",
"finding": "(E)-Cinnamaldehyde was reported in this bark-oil sample.",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"analyte": "(E)-Cinnamaldehyde",
"range": {
"min": 77.42,
"max": 77.42
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Bark differs from leaf/root oils. Canine isolates were tested in vitro, not in a treatment trial."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-cinnamon-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Laszlo Cinnamomum zeylanicum stem-bark oil, manufacturer-reported Sri Lankan origin",
"extraction": "manufacturer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/GC-FID; normalized peak areas, retention-index/library matching",
"finding": "(E)-Cinnamyl acetate was reported in the bark oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"analyte": "(E)-Cinnamyl acetate",
"range": {
"min": 4.5,
"max": 4.5
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not a mass percentage; applies only to the cited sample",
"valueState": "transcribed",
"limitations": "C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Bark differs from leaf/root oils. Canine isolates were tested in vitro, not in a treatment trial."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-palmarosa-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon martinii palmarosa biomass oils across agronomic treatments and harvests",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS",
"finding": "Geranyl acetate was measured in steam-distilled palmarosa biomass oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx19"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Treatments and harvests are distinct samples, not a retail oil specification."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx19"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-palmarosa-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon martini var. motia oil, batch OF012293",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "Supplier-provided GC-MS composition reproduced in the publication",
"finding": "Supplier-provided composition listed neryl formate, neryl acetate, geranyl butyrate, geranyl caproate and geranyl caprylate. Quantities are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Composition was not independently remeasured by the authors. Clinical isolates do not make this a clinical trial."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-palmarosa-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cymbopogon martini var. motia oil, batch OF012293",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "Supplier-provided GC-MS composition reproduced in the publication",
"finding": "Supplier-provided composition listed neral and geranial. Quantities are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Composition was not independently remeasured by the authors. Clinical isolates do not make this a clinical trial."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-grapefruit-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"observation": {
"group": "thiol",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"grapefruit-thiol"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"finding": "4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanol was detected, with low aroma activity in the tested oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-grapefruit-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"observation": {
"group": "thiol",
"status": "not-detected",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"finding": "The study did not detect 1-p-menthene-8-thiol or 4-mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone in its samples.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-grapefruit-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"finding": "Methional, dodecanal, trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal and beta-sinensal were reported. Methional is an aldehyde and a thioether, not a thiol.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-grapefruit-4",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"nobiletin"
],
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction",
"sample": "Varietal and commercial cold-pressed grapefruit oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Validated UHPLC-MS/MS",
"finding": "Nobiletin, heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin were quantified in the source. Individual sample quantities are not imported here.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx08"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"sourceQuantityNote": "Source measurements use milligrams per gram; values are not transcribed here.",
"limitations": "Commercial oils varied. Analytical quality-control findings do not establish clinical safety for arbitrary uses."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx08"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-clary-sage-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "One commercial Salvia sclarea branches/leaves oil",
"extraction": "producer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC/GC-MS; relative chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate (called linalool acetate in the paper) was reported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"valueState": "transcribed",
"range": {
"min": 49.1,
"max": 49.1
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not mass percentage; cited sample only",
"analyte": "Linalyl acetate",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample; nonclinical assays do not establish human benefits."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-clary-sage-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"geranyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "One commercial Salvia sclarea branches/leaves oil",
"extraction": "producer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC/GC-MS; relative chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Bornyl, neryl and geranyl acetates were also reported; geranyl formate was a trace entry.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample; nonclinical assays do not establish human benefits."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-clary-sage-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "detected-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "One commercial Salvia sclarea branches/leaves oil",
"extraction": "producer-reported steam distillation",
"method": "GC/GC-MS; relative chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Neral was reported as trace. The trace entry is not assigned zero or a numerical bar.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Single commercial sample; nonclinical assays do not establish human benefits."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-geranium-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "geranium",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Pelargonium graveolens fresh-plant-material oil",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS; relative chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, citronellyl acetate, citronellyl propionate, citronellyl pentanoate and geranyl valerate were reported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "One producer/sample, not a universal composition range."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-geranium-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "geranium",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citronellal",
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Commercial Pelargonium graveolens fresh-plant-material oil",
"extraction": "steam distillation",
"method": "GC-MS; relative chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Citronellal, neral and geranial were reported in this oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "One producer/sample, not a universal composition range."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-geranium-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "geranium",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Leaf solvent extract",
"sample": "Pelargonium graveolens methanol-aqueous leaf extract",
"extraction": "methanol-aqueous extraction",
"method": "UHPLC-HRMS",
"finding": "Flavonoids were profiled at class level in the leaf extract, separate from the oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx18"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Leaf-extract findings do not establish flavonoids in steam-distilled geranium oil."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx18"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-bergamot-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "quantified",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed ripe Turkish bergamot peel oil",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Capillary GC and GC-MS; chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was reported in the cold-pressed ripe Turkish oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx21"
],
"valueState": "transcribed",
"range": {
"min": 36.3,
"max": 36.3
},
"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not mass percentage; cited sample only",
"analyte": "Linalyl acetate",
"limitations": "Ripeness and season affect composition; this value is not universal."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx21"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-bergamot-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"citral"
],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Liquid bergamot essential oil and its separately measured headspace",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not verified",
"method": "Quantitative GC-MS/GC-FID",
"finding": "Neral and geranial were reported in the liquid oil; sample-specific extraction is not verified, so no numerical value is imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx10"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Liquid composition is not inhaled-headspace composition. Extraction provenance is incomplete."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx10"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-bergamot-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"nobiletin"
],
"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction",
"sample": "Femminello, Castagnaro and Fantastico bergamot peel oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "manual cold pressing",
"method": "LC-MS/PDA",
"finding": "Sinensetin, nobiletin, tetra-O-methylscutellarein and tangeretin were identified in the nonvolatile oil fraction. Cultivar-specific quantities are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx09"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific findings, not juice or a bergamot-polyphenol supplement."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx09"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-ylang-ylang-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cananga odorata flower oils; steam-water comparison sample",
"extraction": "steam-water distillation",
"method": "GC-MS/FID extraction comparison",
"finding": "Benzyl acetate, methyl benzoate, cinnamyl acetate and benzyl benzoate characterize studied oils, including the steam-water sample.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx15"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Steam-water differs from dry steam, hydrodistillation and microwave methods; do not combine columns."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx15"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-ylang-ylang-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"observation": {
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Early and late hydrodistilled Cananga odorata flower fractions from Mayotte",
"extraction": "hydrodistillation with time fractions",
"method": "GC×GC-TOFMS; spectra, retention indices and elution-zone assignments",
"finding": "Benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde were reported in time fractions; heptanal occurred in the early fraction. No whole-oil quantity is inferred.",
"sourceIds": [
"cx14"
],
"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Fractions differ; not a single steam-distilled whole oil. Compound assignments depend on the reported analytical methods."
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"cx14"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-cannabis-1",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"observation": {
"group": "thiol",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"prenylthiol"
],
"material": "Plant material and hydrocarbon extracts",
"sample": "Cannabis flowers and concentrated extracts studied by Oswald et al.",
"extraction": "Flower headspace and hydrocarbon extraction, not steam distillation",
"method": "GC×GC with TOF-MS, FID, sulfur chemiluminescence and sensory evaluation",
"finding": "Prenylthiol was identified in studied flowers and extracts. The paper reports sample-specific measurements; no general essential-oil percentage is imported here.",
"sourceIds": [
"oswald-2021"
]
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"oswald-2021"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-cannabis-2",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"observation": {
"group": "ester",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [],
"material": "Ice-hash rosin extracts",
"extraction": "Ice-water hash and rosin processing, not steam distillation",
"method": "GC×GC and sensory assessment",
"finding": "Minor esters and sulfur volatiles were associated with aroma differences in the studied rosin extracts. This is extract evidence, not an essential-oil fingerprint.",
"sourceIds": [
"oswald-2023",
"paryani-2024"
]
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"oswald-2023",
"paryani-2024"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "chemical-cannabis-3",
"kind": "chemical-observation",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"observation": {
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
"cannflavin-a"
],
"material": "Plant material and reviewed preparations",
"extraction": "Multiple preparations reviewed; not distilled oil",
"method": "Literature review; LC/HPLC is relevant to nonvolatile constituents",
"finding": "Cannflavin A and B are flavones described in Cannabis sativa plant research. This establishes no composition percentage for distilled oil.",
"sourceIds": [
"bautista-2021",
"pellati-2018"
]
},
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "legacy-source-record",
"sourceIds": [
"bautista-2021",
"pellati-2018"
],
"urls": [],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": null
}
},
{
"id": "use-4c83ae7120a0492e05653061",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "komori-1995-citrus",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "citrus-fragrance-identity-unresolved",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8646568/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Small sample; early study design. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-05e67102300fbdaf2e564834",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kasper-2010-silexan",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": "Anxiety scores improved versus placebo in adults with subsyndromal anxiety.",
"limitations": "221 adults; formulation-specific oral trial, not inhalation or a custom spray. The indexed abstract identifies Lavandula species without authenticating a retail oil batch.",
"material": {
"kind": "oral-oil-formulation",
"label": "Defined oral lavender-oil capsule preparation (Silexan), 80 mg/day for ten weeks",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 221 adults; formulation-specific oral trial, not inhalation or a custom spray. The indexed abstract identifies Lavandula species without authenticating a retail oil batch."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a6368d767cd1c279ddf2ac2e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "carson-2006-teatree",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418522/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e309f8807fe540e6d5a6539e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "carson-2006-teatree",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418522/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c3cf11a0912f426a90160819",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "lillehei-halcon-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "heterogeneous-interventions",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720812/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Small sample sizes across included studies; stronger study designs needed (per the authors). Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ddc87d44354ad367bb711d4b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "lillehei-halcon-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720812/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-83d918365c960ee1a1eea925",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "khanna-macdonald-levesque-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-ibs",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Oral peppermint formulations in reviewed IBS trials",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human systematic review",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24100754/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not primary evidence; oral formulated products cannot support an aromatic spray digestive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7bfcdf1665135c2af16886c9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "bassett-pannowitz-barnetson-1990",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-acne",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2145499/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-21d00ca1a759a03474783797",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "fradin-day-2002",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes-repellency",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097535/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Small human arm-exposure comparison of commercial products; short protection under these conditions is retained. Citronella-containing products do not authenticate a C. nardus-only oil or establish long-lasting protection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6ce984a771dd1c22fcef7886",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation-headache",
"finding": "The peppermint–ethanol preparation reduced experimental pain sensitivity in healthy volunteers.",
"limitations": "32 healthy volunteers; laboratory measures, not treatment of headache attacks. Botanical species and concentrations are not specified in the checked abstract.",
"material": {
"kind": "single-oil-topical-formulation",
"label": "Peppermint oil in ethanol, applied to forehead and temples",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 healthy volunteers; laboratory measures, not treatment of headache attacks. Botanical species and concentrations are not specified in the checked abstract."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d4bfe4a5f92431f058ec035d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation-headache",
"finding": "The peppermint–eucalyptus combination had little effect on experimental pain sensitivity.",
"limitations": "32 healthy volunteers; laboratory measures, not treatment of headache attacks. Botanical species and concentrations are not specified in the checked abstract.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint and eucalyptus oils in ethanol, applied to forehead and temples",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "null",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 healthy volunteers; laboratory measures, not treatment of headache attacks. Botanical species and concentrations are not specified in the checked abstract."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-93bd33c23d54269dec9683bd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "alqareer-alyahya-andersson-2006",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-needle-insertion-pain",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-preparation",
"label": "Homemade ground-clove/glycerin gel, not distilled clove essential oil.",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "73 healthy volunteers; buccal-mucosa gel before dental needle insertion.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral-mucosal",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300571206000248"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified A single buccal-mucosa application before a needle insertion. No essential-oil analgesia, toothache treatment or arbitrary topical formulation claim. Cannot map to whole-oil topical analgesia or toothache treatment; preparation mismatch. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e75120e0de6a6002e71c372c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Review of in-vitro work; food-matrix effects limit direct translation to products. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-032d220f680225191871ee56",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Review of in-vitro work; food-matrix effects limit direct translation to products. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a07b52528696635e75925b0b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Review of in-vitro work; food-matrix effects limit direct translation to products. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-da1e9c676d3345aa5360beeb",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "burt-2004",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246235/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Review of in-vitro work; food-matrix effects limit direct translation to products. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-051403856b1f93d50ed06db8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "graham-browne-cox-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": "Anxiety was lower with carrier oil alone than in the fragrant arms.",
"limitations": "Individual oil contributions were not isolated.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, bergamot and cedarwood inhalation blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-established"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Anxiety was lower with carrier oil alone than in the fragrant arms.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805340/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-80761b8497b7552e0581ff11",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "buck-nidorf-addino-1994",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "100% oil in nail trial; 25% and 50% solutions in tinea trial",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human onychomycosis and tinea-pedis trials",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195735/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not turn study doses into formulation recommendations; incomplete cures and irritation constrain interpretation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6e982cee5ca4dcfc7c6af3f1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "jaenson-garboui-palsson-2006",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks-repellency",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16892632/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Field repellency declined over days; blanket-dragging is an indirect measure of human protection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-160e2e095063e78514a4adf2",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "moore-darling-sihuincha-2007",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes-repellency",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "PMD plus distilled C. citratus lemongrass oil, fillers and fixatives; PMD separately manufactured.",
"relevance": "multi-ingredient-formulation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human volunteer mosquito landing-count trials of a multi-ingredient formulation.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1971064/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Single-night Latin-square trials per site; efficacy measured by landing counts, not malaria infection outcomes. Contribution of lemongrass cannot be isolated; not evidence for arbitrary spray, unmodified lemon-eucalyptus oil or disease prevention. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ea7c8f7e3c3bfcd90001875f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Indoor surface-swab culturable microbial counts after direct experimental treatment.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-surface-contact",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Indoor trial settings; long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness not assessed. No soil-removal endpoint; no human exposure or inhalation safety study; formulation needs shaking and is not a validated custom spray. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-16eb2f7f6be801daa8e4ee71",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "microbial-environmental-counts-air",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Culturable airborne microbial counts in an unoccupied laboratory after experimental nebulization.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "experimental-nebulization",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Indoor trial settings; long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness not assessed. No soil-removal endpoint; no human exposure or inhalation safety study; formulation needs shaking and is not a validated custom spray. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-632a4ca42703e3ad296e6026",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "shen-2026-lavender-sleep-meta",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "heterogeneous-interventions",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40600743/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only The authors noted limitations in the quantity and quality of included studies; interventions and routes varied. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7613eb83016c868c5e782268",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Syzygium aromaticum essential oil; 85.3% eugenol in this sample; eugenol tested separately. Extraction and plant part not verified in abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Candida yeast cultures; oil and isolated-eugenol arms were distinct.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro study; results do not establish treatment efficacy in humans. Skin-associated organisms do not make this a human skin trial; pure-eugenol findings remain separate."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cf3370ff2006e86f5459d0ee",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Syzygium aromaticum essential oil; 85.3% eugenol in this sample; eugenol tested separately. Extraction and plant part not verified in abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Aspergillus mold cultures; oil and isolated-eugenol arms were distinct.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro study; results do not establish treatment efficacy in humans. Skin-associated organisms do not make this a human skin trial; pure-eugenol findings remain separate."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0c16c51d2c83f4a0e5e73d28",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Syzygium aromaticum essential oil; 85.3% eugenol in this sample; eugenol tested separately. Extraction and plant part not verified in abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Dermatophyte fungal isolates tested in culture; oil and isolated-eugenol arms were distinct.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro study; results do not establish treatment efficacy in humans. Skin-associated organisms do not make this a human skin trial; pure-eugenol findings remain separate."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5707787572dbabb40338fc57",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "firmino-2018-cinnamon-biofilm",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Separate C. zeylanicum and C. cassia trunk-bark oils and isolated cinnamaldehyde.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Bacterial culture, biofilm biomass and viable-cell assays; distinct oils and cinnamaldehyde arms.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6011056/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro concentrations and biofilm models do not establish efficacy of a consumer spray. Use C. zeylanicum arm for catalog C. verum; do not pool cassia or pure cinnamaldehyde results."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9cbc7a44358a4ddd804d997c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "firmino-2018-cinnamon-biofilm",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Separate C. zeylanicum and C. cassia trunk-bark oils and isolated cinnamaldehyde.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Bacterial culture, biofilm biomass and viable-cell assays; distinct oils and cinnamaldehyde arms.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6011056/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro concentrations and biofilm models do not establish efficacy of a consumer spray. Use C. zeylanicum arm for catalog C. verum; do not pool cassia or pure cinnamaldehyde results."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-612f2e03622e830a3f34b4b3",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory and food-model evidence; composition is batch-specific and not a universal lemon-oil percentage. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-23b3962fed484df9ac54b0bd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory and food-model evidence; composition is batch-specific and not a universal lemon-oil percentage. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b11d3965cf490b62d2114190",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory and food-model evidence; composition is batch-specific and not a universal lemon-oil percentage. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1e3ec68ab8b4a0068ea4b65d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kacaniova-2024-lemon",
"useNodeId": "pest-beetles-harmonia-axyridis",
"finding": "Lemon oil caused concentration-dependent mortality of Harmonia axyridis beetles in sealed dishes after 24 hours.",
"limitations": "Beetle mortality, not fly control or repellency. Concentrated experimental exposure does not establish a consumer spray dose.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498554/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory and food-model evidence; composition is batch-specific and not a universal lemon-oil percentage. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-820d0a870fc68cbb659d6467",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "multi-Boswellia-essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory assays of a mixed-Boswellia oil; no single exposure route is assigned across assay types.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891886/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Commercial mixture of several Boswellia species; laboratory evidence only. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5843ab9fbdae4925fbefda9d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "multi-Boswellia-essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory assays of a mixed-Boswellia oil; no single exposure route is assigned across assay types.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891886/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Commercial mixture of several Boswellia species; laboratory evidence only. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4dda5422cc22303e55f08b52",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "obistioiu-2023-boswellia",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "multi-Boswellia-essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory assays of a mixed-Boswellia oil; no single exposure route is assigned across assay types.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891886/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Commercial mixture of several Boswellia species; laboratory evidence only. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-409567737cd6bcd2d73933a8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "mahboubi-2016-myrrh-dermatophyte",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil-and-separate-ethanol-extract",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "reported-as-Commiphora-molmol"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Trichophyton and Microsporum dermatophyte cultures; separate oil and ethanol-extract arms.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26427766/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Oil and extract are separate materials. Laboratory fungal inhibition is not clinical skin treatment or wound-healing evidence."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e8cdbfa8503c57dba0bc300f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Oregano essential oil; catalog species is O. vulgare, but exact sample species, extraction and provenance require full-method verification.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Listeria monocytogenes cultures and biofilms, including glass-slide assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025378/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Laboratory and food-model evidence; does not establish efficacy at consumer-product concentrations. Remove unqualified cleaning.surface mapping; microbial biofilm evidence does not establish household soil removal."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fa7c1ee84176e6a61ffdcb9e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "guo-2024-oregano-listeria",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Oregano essential oil; catalog species is O. vulgare, but exact sample species, extraction and provenance require full-method verification.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Listeria monocytogenes cultures and biofilms, including glass-slide assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39025378/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Laboratory and food-model evidence; does not establish efficacy at consumer-product concentrations. Remove unqualified cleaning.surface mapping; microbial biofilm evidence does not establish household soil removal."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-164a611934d4943efa1c14fe",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Memory quality improved but memory responses slowed.",
"limitations": "Acute laboratory exposure with multiple outcomes, not lasting cognitive improvement. This is separate from the later 20-person blood-cineole correlation study.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Rosmarinus officinalis aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Memory quality improved but memory responses slowed.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e8e9b411809079b4fc13dad9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Working memory and reaction times worsened.",
"limitations": "Acute laboratory exposure with multiple outcomes, not lasting cognitive improvement. This is separate from the later 20-person blood-cineole correlation study.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Lavandula angustifolia aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Working memory and reaction times worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7085b1ba254905c0500335b5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "chen-chou-2017",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-stress",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783372/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only n=52; massage confound: aromatherapy massage compared against usual care, not massage alone. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c27fac0eebffe5af9edfbb38",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "chen-chou-2017",
"useNodeId": "health-immune",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783372/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only n=52; massage confound: aromatherapy massage compared against usual care, not massage alone. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-73ade0b42ad39fdfcc249990",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "can-cicek-2022",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35708557/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Sample size not verifiable from abstract; single-center trial. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b34fc6cc6240ca9fc389df40",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "mori-kawanami-2016",
"useNodeId": "health-wound",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Experimentally created rat skin wounds; topical lavender-oil treatment.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27229681/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Rat model; no human wound-healing data."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-66ef0b16145d6165861d97a5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "schnitzler-schon-2001",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Tea-tree or eucalyptus essential oil tested separately",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "HSV-1 and HSV-2 cell-culture plaque assays",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11338678/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Cell culture only; no antiviral skin-product, airborne-virus or surface-disinfectant claim. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5de69ba083bc274408d37ffd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "schnitzler-schon-2001",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Tea-tree or eucalyptus essential oil tested separately",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "HSV-1 and HSV-2 cell-culture plaque assays",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11338678/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Cell culture only; no antiviral skin-product, airborne-virus or surface-disinfectant claim. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4ed6c3885d87505606a71fca",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Carvacrol-rich oregano oil; constituent experiments also performed; sample-specific botanical identity/extraction not verified from abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Uropathogenic E. coli biofilm formation measured in culture with microscopy and crystal-violet assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28980415/?dopt=Abstract"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro; no human or clinical data. Prevention of biofilm formation differs from removal of established soil/biofilm; no human clinical result."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c38af8573fb290c7d2fbbd15",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "lee-kim-2017",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Thymol-rich thyme red oil; constituent experiments also performed; sample-specific botanical identity/extraction not verified from abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Uropathogenic E. coli biofilm formation measured in culture with microscopy and crystal-violet assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28980415/?dopt=Abstract"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro; no human or clinical data. Prevention of biofilm formation differs from removal of established soil/biofilm; no human clinical result."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-67b442327a53efcb957d118d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"useNodeId": "pest-flies",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Study essential oils and formulations",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Housefly and tick models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21338379/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Species, formulation, concentration and endpoints differ; no human-use repellent efficacy assurance. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-92156ae29749b59d11b0802b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"useNodeId": "pest-flies",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21338379/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-34edeab92e2daf2f70c3ef21",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "kumar-mishra-2011",
"useNodeId": "pest-flies",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21338379/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Laboratory bioassays with limited field validation; not a human-use repellent trial. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-48558477da624780f7804933",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-oral-malodor",
"finding": "The three-oil mouthwash reduced oral malodor and volatile sulfur compounds in ICU patients.",
"limitations": "32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Diluted tea tree, peppermint and lemon oil mouthwash",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral-rinse",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8cb5bdd7c10b0676d4343251",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-oral-malodor",
"finding": "The three-oil mouthwash reduced oral malodor and volatile sulfur compounds in ICU patients.",
"limitations": "32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Diluted tea tree, peppermint and lemon oil mouthwash",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral-rinse",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3d6547a0f9f01283989f6ddd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "hur-park-2007",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-oral-malodor",
"finding": "The three-oil mouthwash reduced oral malodor and volatile sulfur compounds in ICU patients.",
"limitations": "32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Diluted tea tree, peppermint and lemon oil mouthwash",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral-rinse",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 patients received oils on day one and benzydamine on day two. Fixed treatment order and a combination intervention prevent isolated-oil efficacy inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380550/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2cb6fe1dabf9a0156c4eb775",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "ball-owen-booth-2020",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "heterogeneous-interventions",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32813272/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Very low certainty evidence; inconsistent outcomes and poor harms reporting across trials. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-16411e3e0141564604d91d91",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kuriyama-watanabe-2005",
"useNodeId": "health-immune",
"finding": "Some lymphocyte measures changed after the combined-oil massage intervention.",
"limitations": "11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, cypress and sweet marjoram oils in almond oil, with massage",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6ac10aceab143651d82a1499",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "shiina-funabashi-2008",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17689755/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Small sample; acute effects only; healthy men. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7256b71c872ea1f9f6075f4a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "ghaderi-solhjou-2020",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891272/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only n=24 crossover; pediatric dental setting only. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b27b92afe8872af80852fb41",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "bikmoradi-seifi-2015",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-stress",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051567/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only n=60; single center; two-day intervention only. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5f43b0ee78374412acea88a7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "halder-2011-clove-memory",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Injected clove oil partly reversed scopolamine-related memory deficits in mice; effects varied by dose and task. Oxidative-stress findings were also mixed.",
"limitations": "Intraperitoneal injection in mice, not inhaled or topical use in people.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Mouse experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed animal findings",
"verification": "source-checked",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": "injection",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21157682/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary abstract checked for material, route, model and outcome. No product efficacy inferred."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route explicitly reported in the primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8ec6dc07ebdd680e7870c0ab",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "halder-2012-clove-acute-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Injected clove oil reversed retention-memory deficits in mice; acquisition effects depended on dose. Pain responses varied by test and dose.",
"limitations": "Intraperitoneal injection and induced deficits in mice; no human attention or finished-product benefit is established.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Mouse experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed animal findings",
"verification": "source-checked",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": "injection",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22453493/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary abstract checked for material, route, model and outcome. No product efficacy inferred."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route explicitly reported in the primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b75c97c197590c9ab8bebe2f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tea-tree-dandruff-2002",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-dandruff",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "single-oil-topical-formulation",
"label": "5% tea-tree-oil shampoo",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "126 participants; four-week randomized trial of a rinse-off tea-tree-oil shampoo.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12451368/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Specific rinse-off shampoo; does not establish leave-on spray effects."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5af8418938910e05c76a4785",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tea-tree-acne-2007",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-acne",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "single-oil-topical-formulation",
"label": "5% tea-tree-oil topical gel",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "60 patients; randomized placebo-controlled acne trial of a tea-tree-oil gel.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17314442/",
"https://ijdvl.com/content/126/2007/73/1/Images/ijdvl_2007_73_1_22_30646.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Small trial, specific gel and treatment schedule; not general skin benefit or spray evidence."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-bac7351c7ddca36ba71193cf",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "rosemary-students-2018",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Self-reported prospective and retrospective memory scores improved relative to placebo.",
"limitations": "68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Oral rosemary herb preparation, 500 mg twice daily for one month",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-51f400875af5e1a8cba8ba13",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "rosemary-students-2018",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": "Anxiety questionnaire scores improved relative to placebo.",
"limitations": "68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Oral rosemary herb preparation, 500 mg twice daily for one month",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-861e7f660457a531a48e23a2",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "rosemary-students-2018",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": "Depression questionnaire scores improved relative to placebo.",
"limitations": "68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Oral rosemary herb preparation, 500 mg twice daily for one month",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-dbf2b8b16241b81f46882322",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "rosemary-students-2018",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"finding": "Sleep-quality scores improved, but sleep latency and duration components did not significantly improve.",
"limitations": "68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Oral rosemary herb preparation, 500 mg twice daily for one month",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 68 students; questionnaire outcomes. Neither rosemary essential oil nor inhalation was tested."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389474/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e0d9439b4df9cb9a11621ff9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "lemon-test-anxiety-2022",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35190270/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Small student sample and acute exposure; does not establish treatment of anxiety disorders. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-bc97ea6b032baf5fc6b6d3ab",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7673d6d30f35ab511926c4ef",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6e747bced155edf20e7fe0d4",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial-growth microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1c4a70d628628559b2ab1cf7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilm-formation microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cac88f147465d8b2594f27d4",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial-growth microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-529ee2682445396d5861ab73",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilm-formation microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f0c5940a4c92e345dd560785",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9f05feb398cacb09041dd7fc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-eba44e5c3916148e4b1ef4bd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacterial-growth microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-64c6d6e7044c1c2cf9cc7ab6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "commercial-eo-antibiofilm-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Multiple commercial essential-oil samples; supplier composition varies",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilm-formation microplate assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37508287/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10376212/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked In-vitro sample- and concentration-dependent effects, often weak or undetected at lower dilutions. Biofilm-formation testing does not establish mature-biofilm removal, cleaning or disinfection. Laboratory evidence; weak effects at lower dilutions in many samples. Does not establish mature-biofilm removal or surface disinfection."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-566ec9801f6d8c02879df678",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "washing-liquids-eo-2011",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-formulation-preservation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "oil-in-formulation",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Formulation-specific laboratory testing; not finished Sunny's Shield evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-71613144191ce4ed66fc17a7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "washing-liquids-eo-2011",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "oil-in-formulation",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Formulation-specific laboratory testing; not finished Sunny's Shield evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c296061f962051daaa78ae0c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "washing-liquids-eo-2011",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "oil-in-formulation",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
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},
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}
},
{
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},
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},
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"label": "mixed",
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},
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],
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"notes": "primary-source-checked Preservative challenge testing is neither detergent soil removal nor an antimicrobial claim for a new formulation. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
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}
},
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},
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},
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},
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],
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"notes": "primary-source-checked Preservative challenge testing is neither detergent soil removal nor an antimicrobial claim for a new formulation. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
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}
},
{
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},
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},
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],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Preservative challenge testing is neither detergent soil removal nor an antimicrobial claim for a new formulation. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
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"material": {
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},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
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"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
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"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
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"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/"
],
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"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Formulation-specific laboratory testing; not finished Sunny's Shield evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
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"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
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"material": {
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},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
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"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
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"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
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"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Formulation-specific laboratory testing; not finished Sunny's Shield evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1bbe2a56c8fd184e25a2d845",
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"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
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},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
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"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20572887/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Formulation-specific laboratory testing; not finished Sunny's Shield evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cc9d828bd221604e75bb2d02",
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"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
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"finding": null,
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"material": {
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"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
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},
"model": {
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"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
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"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
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"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cda937ef79879d0b98325174",
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"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
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},
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},
"outcome": {
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"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0fda18824cf8b5f6411dfdd5",
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"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
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"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-de30645587b7f0bf86751c87",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
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"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
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"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
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"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-31c9ff43c82be0f2c83dc915",
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"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
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"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
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"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
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"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7a79c9f88c3348319ce77062",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
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"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fc4993f6ec2d33189b17433b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807343/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In-vitro study; activity differed between liquid and vapor phases and cannot be extrapolated to clinical efficacy. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e72fcbf86957163bc0109c6b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "eo-pseudomonas-biofilm-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In-vitro study; activity differed between liquid and vapor phases and cannot be extrapolated to clinical efficacy. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-72f10dfd7f30e7f6a7e95dfd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
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"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cbd24a0b38c5e5ec0bd6e453",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-30e608f691b19b400c44736d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2c3c7f46f03fbbaebfdbf8dc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-eead6999bcad0fe95e9a92a6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0a707e005e4a31de36ad48b7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Liquid and volatile phases of study essential oils",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "P. aeruginosa and S. aureus laboratory models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Check oil-specific results, exact species and dose before quantitative presentation; no soil-removal endpoint. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-09830806e91b6ca509fee7ef",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory biofilm models only; effectiveness varied substantially by oil and assay. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0439ed164a28e632031e1289",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "eo-staph-biofilm-2021",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578239/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory biofilm models only; effectiveness varied substantially by oil and assay. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a8c81ad9895d636ee613f455",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Laboratory/host-attachment model against one tick species; not a human-use repellent trial. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fb1d6e833f6dd34e84a3a32f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1d0aadb9dc2404b7f24879bf",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Laboratory/host-attachment model against one tick species; not a human-use repellent trial. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cae4e5554fec98ae9dc9e298",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Study essential oils and formulations",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Housefly and tick models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38835262/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Species, formulation, concentration and endpoints differ; no human-use repellent efficacy assurance. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8c630c19c498c8d47d0b4bc2",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711138/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Bioassay evidence against one tick species; does not establish duration or safety of a consumer repellent formulation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fd6157dba9d181fd88f60006",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711138/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Bioassay evidence against one tick species; does not establish duration or safety of a consumer repellent formulation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9f6bee492505359b5665035b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "lone-star-tick-eo-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Study essential oils and formulations",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Housefly and tick models",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711138/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Species, formulation, concentration and endpoints differ; no human-use repellent efficacy assurance. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-92724007256c15e4d24c807b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Older comparative repellent work with heterogeneous natural products; formulation and exposure details limit direct product comparisons. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-36bb898d0f9c3049a9dd16f8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a0d5ff7e790b56f4a2aaea3d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Older comparative repellent work with heterogeneous natural products; formulation and exposure details limit direct product comparisons. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fe8928b4772e3d2d9c140995",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "mosquito-eo-repellency-1998",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195905/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e1d5d99bcf5442febe3f9b5b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tea-tree-systematic-review-2000",
"useNodeId": "health-skin",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10800248/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cbc3ddd1c4d0ca03cc97d12d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "moridpour-2024-cinnamon",
"useNodeId": "health-metabolic",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Oral cinnamon supplements in a systematic review; not cinnamon bark essential oil.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37818728/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Heterogeneous oral cinnamon preparations and doses across trials. Secondary evidence does not support metabolic effects of cinnamon essential oil or a spray. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b1841f45a8c9a4547e51d781",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-attention",
"finding": "In 20 volunteers exposed to rosemary aroma, blood cineole concentration correlated with cognitive task speed and accuracy. Mood associations were less consistent.",
"limitations": "Correlational study without an unexposed comparison group; it cannot establish that rosemary improves attention.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Rosmarinus officinalis essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "20 adults; correlation after rosemary aroma",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed / correlational",
"verification": "source-checked",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary abstract checked for material, route, model and outcome. No product efficacy inferred."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route explicitly reported in the primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-85134766b5c86bd66f4ddad5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-alertness",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Oral rosemary powder/herb preparations",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human cognitive studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21877951/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not use as rosemary-essential-oil or inhalation evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e7ed61805d083035c8a30b8e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Oral rosemary powder/herb preparations",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human cognitive studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21877951/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not use as rosemary-essential-oil or inhalation evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a11cc5be9269778c454d497a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "han-2006-dysmenorrhea",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation-menstrual-cramps",
"finding": "The three-oil massage intervention reduced menstrual cramp severity versus the comparison groups.",
"limitations": "67 students. No individual-oil arm; the rose species is Rosa centifolia, not a generic interchangeable rose oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, clary sage and Rosa centifolia oils in almond oil, with abdominal massage",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 67 students. No individual-oil arm; the rose species is Rosa centifolia, not a generic interchangeable rose oil."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d944803f3f888bf13b4f3e77",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "akula-2021-lemongrass",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "21-day mouthwash trial in 60 children; plaque and gingival indices.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral-mucosal",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355850/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Formulated 0.25% oil mouthwash in 60 children for 21 days, not a spray or ordinary aroma exposure. Species/provenance not authenticated in this pass; contextual oral research only. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e21475dfd1e531f26d60cce0",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "smith-2011-labor",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "heterogeneous-interventions",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735438/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Only 2 trials; authors concluded evidence is insufficient for practice recommendations. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-aa7dc1d13c3c2319630d16c8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "smith-2011-labor",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "heterogeneous-interventions",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735438/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Only 2 trials; authors concluded evidence is insufficient for practice recommendations. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-bbb1149e389c26dca7e14790",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "smith-2011-labor",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21735438/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Only 2 trials; authors concluded evidence is insufficient for practice recommendations. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9c9d15424beff4fcd16b54bc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "anderson-2004-ponv",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14770380/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a004c46dd1018677acd1557d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "satchell-2002-tinea",
"useNodeId": "health-skin",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "100% oil in nail trial; 25% and 50% solutions in tinea trial",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human onychomycosis and tinea-pedis trials",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121393/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not turn study doses into formulation recommendations; incomplete cures and irritation constrain interpretation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0d9d9da75899758b7f7fa53d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "satchell-2002-tinea",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "100% oil in nail trial; 25% and 50% solutions in tinea trial",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human onychomycosis and tinea-pedis trials",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121393/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not turn study doses into formulation recommendations; incomplete cures and irritation constrain interpretation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f3bbfedc2650d883a4741380",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39777967/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro only; single hospital strain. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-25585a957e02b00767856f03",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "mohammed-aggad-2025",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39777967/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro only; single hospital strain. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ba9889bd99374d5ba2be0e73",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; no human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8f881dfdb9ff8e618c0f17cb",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; no human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d8afe9a3f239a35d5392377a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; no human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-113d4fd1396bb9c9dabae3ad",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "anees-2026",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854771/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; no human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3e3797dd58ec0636f531600f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "pine",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Pinus sylvestris essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "N. gonorrhoeae and S. suis bacterial cultures and biofilm assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/",
"https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/131495/files/texto_completo.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Verify oil-specific endpoint before species-wide statements; no household soil-removal, clinical or finished-spray evidence."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-64a7dfa0bc2389bac4607050",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "pine",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Pinus sylvestris essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "N. gonorrhoeae and S. suis bacterial cultures and biofilm assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/",
"https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/131495/files/texto_completo.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Verify oil-specific endpoint before species-wide statements; no household soil-removal, clinical or finished-spray evidence."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-85e9a1ddaf3f06b1db4a8012",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In-vitro; clinical relevance untested. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a32ad8743767e3ea07ceb625",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In-vitro; clinical relevance untested. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-223f8970755ec7f98fbdf303",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; clinical relevance untested. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c1327811e0144d8b2e878ca1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In-vitro; clinical relevance untested. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-67359e89f3beed1301a00ef5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tuan-2025",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": null,
"limitations": "Laboratory Candida study: biofilm formation was inhibited, but tested concentrations did not eradicate more than half of mature biofilm. No clinical efficacy inferred.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil from plants cultivated in Vietnam",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881994/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5e911da482d65d604143b62b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tuan-2025",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": "Laboratory Candida study: biofilm formation was inhibited, but tested concentrations did not eradicate more than half of mature biofilm. No clinical efficacy inferred.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil from plants cultivated in Vietnam",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39881994/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7545fb9f52346da660992ba5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "francisconi-2020",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32578760/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c627192aaee6b02e838646cc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "francisconi-2020",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32578760/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3a8c67f6e53e988f76dcc0b2",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "garozzo-2009",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843207/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2100b68754af0da1c52c5835",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "najar-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34176386/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-90ed855da5a21ba9eef60842",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "najar-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": "Antiviral activity was reported for rosemary hybrids, not the catalog species.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Salvia × lavandulaceus and S. × mendizabalii oils",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Antiviral activity was reported for rosemary hybrids, not the catalog species.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "cell-culture",
"species": "Salvia × lavandulaceus; Salvia × mendizabalii",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34176386/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-22816df0543e7d1bdff83b69",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "pellegrini-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36830233/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Surrogate virus in-vitro; not tested against human norovirus. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-29e4484c0286183707efdd59",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "gilling-2014",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Murine-norovirus infectivity assays; oregano oil and isolated carvacrol were separate materials.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24779581/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Oregano oil achieved only about 1-log infectivity reduction, remaining around that level at 24 hours; isolated carvacrol was substantially stronger. Murine norovirus surrogate, not human infection or verified surface-disinfection performance."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b7f8007ecbd326f9ed431ff7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": "Cinnamon leaf vapor inhibited molds on agar; effectiveness declined in cake analogues.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cinnamon leaf oil; catalog oil is bark",
"relevance": "different-plant-part",
"speciesMatch": "not-established"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Cinnamon leaf vapor inhibited molds on agar; effectiveness declined in cake analogues.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "vapor",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0a2a24a22f1de099cfbf28c6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Vapour-phase lab model; efficacy dropped in real food matrices. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-bae8d9622eefd4d0664806da",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Vapour-phase lab model; efficacy dropped in real food matrices. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-19784c7d312ab538858a625c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "guynot-2003",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12694455/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Vapour-phase lab model; efficacy dropped in real food matrices. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e70c7015a23c3dd90135b231",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-textile-finishing",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "oil-in-formulation",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Textile-finishing lab study; no worn-garment testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fbb6e03cca6cd88b4fa14dd8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-textile-finishing",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "oil-in-formulation",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Textile-finishing lab study; no worn-garment testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4e9df9039f75bdd4ba427406",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-textile-finishing",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Beta-cyclodextrin/essential-oil inclusion complexes applied to cotton",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Antibacterial assays of oil-complex-treated cotton before and after washing.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "textile-treatment",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9694717/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Finishing durability is not laundry detergency, stain removal or disinfection of worn garments. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original cleaning tag is not verified soil-removal evidence; use precise microbial/textile/oral endpoint correction. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b22c40186847e2e2a1e6f721",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "semeniuc-2017",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911683/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Food-bacteria panel only; disc-diffusion screening. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ca333ba17ba2a9f2856be09d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Separate C. nardus, C. winterianus, C. flexuosus, C. martinii oils and geraniol; only C. nardus arm matches this catalog species. Extraction not verified in accessible abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Off-animal cat-flea life-stage assays on treated filter paper; separate oil and geraniol arms.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-filter-paper-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401726002050"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Off-animal filter-paper assays; no pet treatment, host safety or field validation. The lemongrass arm was Cymbopogon flexuosus, not the catalog C. citratus. Each oil and geraniol arm must remain distinct. Off-animal assay; no cat/dog application trial or host safety result; do not pool species."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f85ec91d3314138aa67f7b7c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Preparation needs primary-source verification.",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42579967/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Off-animal filter-paper assays; no pet treatment, host safety or field validation. The lemongrass arm was Cymbopogon flexuosus, not the catalog C. citratus. Each oil and geraniol arm must remain distinct. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0cfc0abfa826d856df55e5fe",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "chaves-campos-2026",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "C. martinii essential oil; separate other-Cymbopogon and geraniol arms; extraction not verified from abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Off-animal cat-flea life-stage assays on treated filter paper; separate oil and geraniol arms.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-filter-paper-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401726002050"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Off-animal filter-paper assays; no pet treatment, host safety or field validation. The lemongrass arm was Cymbopogon flexuosus, not the catalog C. citratus. Each oil and geraniol arm must remain distinct. Not tested on cats/dogs; not a safe pet-treatment claim."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-50144fe2ad01bd2556561ed6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "copaiba",
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "Copaifera reticulata",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro only; Lavandula hybrida (lavandin) mapped to lavender; no host-animal testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-709e5b4d4bd339bdc7ba918e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "Citrus paradisi",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro only; Lavandula hybrida (lavandin) mapped to lavender; no host-animal testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7ecf43d5681330dc2fb69990",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro only; Lavandula hybrida (lavandin) mapped to lavender; no host-animal testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ac8eae9ad1c7e2a8241a0fe0",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "lima-campos-2024",
"useNodeId": "pest-fleas",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39147955/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro only; Lavandula hybrida (lavandin) mapped to lavender; no host-animal testing. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-57102e05968da766c5480431",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "walton-2004-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148100/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1683760382f1860315fd647a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Contact and fumigation assays on scabies mites removed from experimentally infected pigs.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Oil contact/fumigation assays on mites removed from experimentally infected pigs. No human/pet treatment or skin-safety trial."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b47aa9bbcdb07504aeebdbe7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Contact and fumigation assays on scabies mites removed from experimentally infected pigs.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Oil contact/fumigation assays on mites removed from experimentally infected pigs. No human/pet treatment or skin-safety trial."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-40489d86e961e1ccd7697f7a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Mites from experimentally infected pigs; in vitro only. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e7a5e0125c7a4c4c502ae340",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2c18b140ae5622a285241c86",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Mites from experimentally infected pigs; in vitro only. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c0c8c0f2d827903286a73fd6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "fang-2016-scabies",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876081/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a4129e904c375c384e4a29c9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"studyId": "cai-2025-dustmite",
"useNodeId": "pest-mites",
"finding": "Whole oil showed contact toxicity and repellency. Complete vapor mortality was reported for isolated compounds.",
"limitations": "Oil and constituent assays must remain separate. Laboratory mite effects do not establish household exposure safety, allergy relief or protection from a finished spray.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Eucalyptus citriodora (= Corymbia citriodora) essential oil from Xiya Reagent; unusual sample composition; extraction not verified.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Dust-mite contact, fumigant fabric-disc and repellency assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "Whole oil showed contact toxicity and repellency. Complete vapor mortality was reported for isolated compounds.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2025.1708798/full"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Laboratory bioassays at high applied doses; no bedroom-scale testing. No household dust/allergen-removal endpoint, allergy benefit, bedding exposure or human safety assessment."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-60473c9264f4306ab28ed030",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "george-2026-fireant",
"useNodeId": "pest-ants",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41099098/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Laboratory repellency assays; no field colony-level data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2cf2a4090a077b79d8d0216f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "holloway-2024-argentineant",
"useNodeId": "pest-ants",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39452344/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-196a064983bf3438d09a6e62",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "holloway-2024-argentineant",
"useNodeId": "pest-ants",
"finding": null,
"limitations": "Ant harborage experiment with fresh leaves; not evidence for distilled rosemary oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Fresh rosemary leaves, not distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39452344/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ce3867c7ac5e70043ed0ede8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16041723/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Small volunteer panel; laboratory forearm assay, not field conditions. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2e121967f4419f4a0fd90a92",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "trongtokit-2005-mosquito",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16041723/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Small volunteer panel; laboratory forearm assay, not field conditions. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5c78b4ec16fa52b3fdcf2163",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "vitex",
"studyId": "chandrasekaran-2019-vitex",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes-larvicide",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia essential oils tested separately; part/extraction not verified from accessible abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larval assays; V. negundo arm distinguished from V. trifolia.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-larval-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.scielo.br/j/rsbmt/a/MJxsFJVdzxFzMZLPYDcpPvb/?format=pdf&lang=en"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Laboratory larval assays; no field or non-target testing. Use V. negundo arm only. Larvicidal evidence does not establish adult repellency, skin use, human protection or safe environmental release."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-109655d2e84a41034473a3cd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "mitra-2020-epa25b",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "environmental",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31612914/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-966e3641f89f43cc45cbb21f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "gaudet-2024-tickseeking",
"useNodeId": "pest-ticks",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Adult female Ixodes scapularis electrophysiology and Y-tube responses; distinct experimental systems.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11462224/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Commercial C. citratus oil; adult female Ixodes scapularis electrophysiology and Y-tube responses. Attractant detection disruption is not bite-prevention efficacy."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-01e934e5ff1084464b3c5fd1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"studyId": "nascimento-2025-sweet-orange-labor",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39577393/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Single-blind, single-center Brazilian trial; labor setting limits generalizability. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9f1d2c97e840747376aee96c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"studyId": "nascimento-2025-sweet-orange-labor",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39577393/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Single-blind, single-center Brazilian trial; labor setting limits generalizability. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1f0b37bd3fec565dff1c2093",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"studyId": "wakui-2026-bergamot-exam-anxiety",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42755326/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Open-label, single-center design; 57 students; short 3-day intervention. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5f07f90e17eb53cc3b39298f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2006-ylang-ylang-transdermal",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-calm",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata oil applied transdermally",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "40 healthy volunteers; transdermal oil exposure and acute self-report/physiological measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807875/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Skin administration is an exposure route, not evidence for skin health; no anxiety or hypertension treatment assurance."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-735a60b7ea7b7986cf9fabce",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2006-ylang-ylang-transdermal",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata oil applied transdermally",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "40 healthy volunteers; transdermal oil exposure and acute self-report/physiological measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16807875/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Skin administration is an exposure route, not evidence for skin health; no anxiety or hypertension treatment assurance. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-65020c1ce89029dfb1696d28",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "napavichayanun-2024-lavender-ylang-ylang-blood-pressure",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular",
"finding": "The combined-oil pad improved systolic blood-pressure and pulse-rate differences relative to placebo.",
"limitations": "34 high-blood-pressure volunteers, 14 days. Two-oil intervention; individual-oil effects were not isolated.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Shirt-mounted pads containing lavender and ylang-ylang oils",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 34 high-blood-pressure volunteers, 14 days. Two-oil intervention; individual-oil effects were not isolated."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7857d7ad2f4f61528cdc9af1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "napavichayanun-2024-lavender-ylang-ylang-blood-pressure",
"useNodeId": "health-quality-of-life",
"finding": "Quality-of-life scores improved in the separate 56-person healthy-volunteer phase.",
"limitations": "Two-hour exposure in the healthy-volunteer safety phase. Not the 34-person hypertension efficacy trial, and not a demonstrated anxiety or depression outcome.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Shirt-mounted pads containing lavender and ylang-ylang oils",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. Two-hour exposure in the healthy-volunteer safety phase. Not the 34-person hypertension efficacy trial, and not a demonstrated anxiety or depression outcome."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f1dc214d495de36d6f8d4776",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "napavichayanun-2024-lavender-ylang-ylang-blood-pressure",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular",
"finding": "The combined-oil pad improved systolic blood-pressure and pulse-rate differences relative to placebo.",
"limitations": "34 high-blood-pressure volunteers, 14 days. Two-oil intervention; individual-oil effects were not isolated.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Shirt-mounted pads containing lavender and ylang-ylang oils",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 34 high-blood-pressure volunteers, 14 days. Two-oil intervention; individual-oil effects were not isolated."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1f0ea0ffaea7246bd5900bee",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "napavichayanun-2024-lavender-ylang-ylang-blood-pressure",
"useNodeId": "health-quality-of-life",
"finding": "Quality-of-life scores improved in the separate 56-person healthy-volunteer phase.",
"limitations": "Two-hour exposure in the healthy-volunteer safety phase. Not the 34-person hypertension efficacy trial, and not a demonstrated anxiety or depression outcome.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Shirt-mounted pads containing lavender and ylang-ylang oils",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. Two-hour exposure in the healthy-volunteer safety phase. Not the 34-person hypertension efficacy trial, and not a demonstrated anxiety or depression outcome."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38087747/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-26ec34695ab1632cad696482",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "sienkiewicz-2014-geranium-wound-bacteria",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Gram-negative bacterial isolates from wounds grown and tested in culture.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24290961/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked In vitro study only; clinical wound efficacy and safety not tested."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-44e0df194000b74cfa142947",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; antibacterial efficacy highly concentration-dependent. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c9905f00ca01194e1c62a3bf",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; antibacterial efficacy highly concentration-dependent. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-52fea97e64cfbbf8d5e4a0a8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; antibacterial efficacy highly concentration-dependent. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ca5699e9dbf92238432c4685",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "androutsopoulou-2021-rose-geranium-preservative",
"useNodeId": "microbial-viruses",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33921899/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; antibacterial efficacy highly concentration-dependent. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ef3c8e31e76b32e0de8a6304",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In vitro and biochemical assays only; no animal or human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-adb6b5630da8ffe6a4e23cba",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In vitro and biochemical assays only; no animal or human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-54e802fb85e5777fe5ba6fc9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-mold",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In vitro and biochemical assays only; no animal or human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3e9823ab4f9db346590dd4c6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"useNodeId": "health-metabolic-alpha-amylase-inhibition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In vitro and biochemical assays only; no animal or human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-80bcb1f03fe05fd5e14ca15c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "amrita-2023-palmarosa-bioactivities",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37124716/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending In vitro and biochemical assays only; no animal or human data. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5bf71e657b684faf9a1bb3a8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "niaouli",
"studyId": "fikry-2025-niaouli-lung-cancer",
"useNodeId": "botanical-bioactivity-cellular-cytotoxicity",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Melaleuca quinquenervia leaf essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "A549 lung-cancer and comparator cell cultures; computational analyses are separate from the measured cell endpoints.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mechanistic",
"label": "Cell viability, migration, apoptosis and cell-cycle changes; no clinical benefit established.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-cell-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40573169/",
"https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18060771"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Cell-culture and computational research; no in-vivo or human efficacy. Cytotoxicity does not establish immune support or a therapeutic blend use. Not immune-support evidence; no in-vivo or human efficacy. Keep as research-only, never an anticancer or immunity blend suggestion. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Direct research-topic match includes this unfavorable or mechanistic result; it is not a positive functional-use recommendation."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-54e762f4329b8195c934f690",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ravintsara",
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cinnamomum camphora leaf oil: linalool 26.6%, eucalyptol 16.8%, camphor 5.0%",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Bacterial culture screening and MRSA membrane/metabolomics experiments.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035880/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Catalog specifies cineole-type ravintsara. This linalool-leading oil cannot be treated as matched ravintsara; withhold suggestion until matching primary evidence. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4c0b59006b2a5cbd919a230f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ravintsara",
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cinnamomum camphora leaf oil: linalool 26.6%, eucalyptol 16.8%, camphor 5.0%",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Bacterial culture screening and MRSA membrane/metabolomics experiments.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035880/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Catalog specifies cineole-type ravintsara. This linalool-leading oil cannot be treated as matched ravintsara; withhold suggestion until matching primary evidence. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-eacb7f4c95f4f27b9be96f16",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "frank-2009-frankincense-bladder-cancer",
"useNodeId": "botanical-bioactivity-cellular-cytotoxicity",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-species",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19296830/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Boswellia carteri oil in bladder-cell cultures, not the catalog Boswellia serrata. Cell cytotoxicity is neither immune support nor clinical cancer or skin efficacy. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion. Original category corrected to the measured endpoint; oil-study relationship retained."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3fcaa67dbf4a6847b1ad781f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil; preparation method not verified from accessible abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Planktonic and biofilm-associated Candida albicans cultures.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/58/3/58_15-0736/_pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In vitro study only; much higher concentrations needed against biofilms than planktonic cells. No human dental or skin efficacy; culture testing is not mouthwash or spray validation."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9dc6141c760d4148272abd7d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil; preparation method not verified from accessible abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Planktonic and biofilm-associated Candida albicans cultures.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/58/3/58_15-0736/_pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In vitro study only; much higher concentrations needed against biofilms than planktonic cells. No human dental or skin efficacy; culture testing is not mouthwash or spray validation."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-40e5f535129577853ee02871",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993779/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; cytotoxicity data limited to cell lines. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-58cb795fb50ae00e9ebc88e5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993779/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; cytotoxicity data limited to cell lines. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7c3768bd42147e0661804499",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "khalil-2020-myrrh-mdr-bacteria",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31993779/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only In vitro study only; cytotoxicity data limited to cell lines. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-b3e114de6c1a11826cd66a9a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "seifi-2014-lavender-anxiety-null",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25558253/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only 60 patients; 2-day intervention in acute post-surgical setting; results may not generalize. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-20a1862c1f68db5f9cd13159",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Peppermint aroma improved memory and increased subjective alertness in the acute experiment.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Peppermint essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Memory or alertness improved in the acute experiment.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Single acute laboratory exposure; expectancy and scent masking limits; no everyday performance claim."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-31d21d62ce7cca4091ab8e8e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-alertness",
"finding": "Peppermint aroma improved memory and increased subjective alertness in the acute experiment.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Peppermint essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Memory or alertness improved in the acute experiment.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Single acute laboratory exposure; expectancy and scent masking limits; no everyday performance claim."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f53f57245534265d5932fcd5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": "Peppermint aroma improved memory and increased subjective alertness in the acute experiment.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Peppermint essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Memory or alertness improved in the acute experiment.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Single acute laboratory exposure; expectancy and scent masking limits; no everyday performance claim."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d76d6644e1c846434dca3aa1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "alkanat-2023-frankincense-myrrh-backpain",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "essential-oil-blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121835/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Combination intervention; cannot separate effects of frankincense from myrrh, and massage is a co-intervention. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6fe4e3fe08d51b77c3495ba7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "alkanat-2023-frankincense-myrrh-backpain",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "essential-oil-blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121835/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Combination intervention; cannot separate effects of frankincense from myrrh, and massage is a co-intervention. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ec7e872601b766330af85b20",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "ozdemir-2024-frankincense-myrrh-comfort",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "essential-oil-blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783585/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Mixed result; combination oils plus massage prevents attribution to either oil alone. Authors called for more rigorous pain research. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f956159286ae5110ae69a219",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "ozdemir-2024-frankincense-myrrh-comfort",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "essential-oil-blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37783585/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Mixed result; combination oils plus massage prevents attribution to either oil alone. Authors called for more rigorous pain research. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-60b5ed96b4aec91a860b8612",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "reis-2023-frankincense-fatigue",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-fatigue",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35245227/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Pilot trial; negative result. Topical-foot application and oncology population limit generalization. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2b53f2314c71867a9a27b227",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "myrrh",
"studyId": "nialeila-2020-myrrh-frankincense-wound",
"useNodeId": "health-wound",
"finding": "Myrrh-extract sitz baths improved REEDA healing scores relative to frankincense extract and betadine.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Commiphora myrrha extract sitz bath",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "90 postpartum women; separate extract sitz-bath arms and REEDA episiotomy-healing measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical-sitz-bath",
"species": "Commiphora myrrha",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971163/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Specific extract preparations and postpartum clinical setting; no whole-oil or spray inference. Frankincense was Boswellia carteri, not the catalog Boswellia serrata. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4f8f592c0af0c861bcc5b1b1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "nialeila-2020-myrrh-frankincense-wound",
"useNodeId": "health-wound",
"finding": "Frankincense-extract sitz baths did not significantly differ from betadine in REEDA healing scores.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Boswellia carteri extract sitz bath",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "different-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "90 postpartum women; separate extract sitz-bath arms and REEDA episiotomy-healing measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "null",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical-sitz-bath",
"species": "Boswellia carteri",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971163/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Specific extract preparations and postpartum clinical setting; no whole-oil or spray inference. Frankincense was Boswellia carteri, not the catalog Boswellia serrata. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-edbddf65fc33e8b62241ef50",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-extracted"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Procedure-specific clinical setting; separate oil groups should be interpreted from the full paper before making comparative claims. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-854cc2927f1e95288bb91cf9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-extracted"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Procedure-specific clinical setting; separate oil groups should be interpreted from the full paper before making comparative claims. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c34e824b01a699c2613ab6b1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-extracted"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Procedure-specific clinical setting; separate oil groups should be interpreted from the full paper before making comparative claims. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-60cb5a39dd5f82a9b83c2f1a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "aydinli-2026-lavender-frankincense-biopsy",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-extracted"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42302879/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Procedure-specific clinical setting; separate oil groups should be interpreted from the full paper before making comparative claims. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a28d42748ed9b58e47d3db2e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591428/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-da358240c13538cfcc908638",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084880/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e3aa348462b737c0de7df533",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry-volatile-compounds",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37901519/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8cbca5d7bc05b5fbff4c4e57",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-plant-chemistry",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588111/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7e0f1b2f2bfefb3660083cb4",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-sulfur-aroma-2021",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry-sulfur-volatiles",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869990/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c92609fc85deb407fc4e1c24",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2024",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry-minor-nonterpenoid-volatiles",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38973868/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-041a7892eb1b9e396f561a41",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannflavins-review-2021",
"useNodeId": "botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry-flavonoid-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Plant material and varied preparations; includes nonvolatile compounds",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681553/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Remove cognitive health tagging for plant-chemistry records. Cannabinoid-rich extracts and flavonoids cannot establish essential-oil function. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e84cde0b3e2e90f258da30ec",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled air-dried Mentha piperita aerial parts from Fars, Iran",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/718645",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3532871/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One characterized hydrodistilled sample differs from the catalog steam-distillation label. No human fungal treatment or disinfection claim. One characterized oil; hydrodistillation differs from catalog steam-distillation. No human fungal treatment, disinfectant or cleaning validation."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ce29c03c3fddf98a2723a6f0",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-eucalyptus-2023",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial steam-distilled fresh-leaf Eucalyptus globulus oil, Hanus, plants cultivated in Spain",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-2023"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10004840/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One commercial sample; laboratory and food matrices do not establish human skin treatment or cleaning. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide. One commercial sample; food/laboratory matrices do not establish skin treatment or cleaning."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7c67e1a08ff9670134d50b2d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cymbopogon nardus leaf oil; differs from catalog steam-distillation label.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5000650/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. nardus differs from C. winterianus; sample preparation differs from the catalog label. Cytotoxicity occurred below some antifungal MICs; no clinical skin treatment or topical safety inference. Antifungal exposure levels and cytotoxicity both matter; no clinical skin treatment evidence."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0895748bfde73c3a149158f5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "composition-thyme-2016",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Four directly measured Thymus vulgaris chemotypes from France and Serbia, May 2015, air-dried aerial parts",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-2016"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5040070"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Chemotype-specific findings. Literature profiles in the paper are not additional measured samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-59b21ffccf48d0241cb69bff",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "composition-oregano-2020",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Dried flowering aerial parts of Origanum vulgare, Socoroma/Putre, Chile, November 2019",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-2020"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100414"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Regional oil profile, not universal oregano composition. Colorimetric total phenolics do not identify named flavonoids. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-86414d359cece2126561532b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial essential oil from Algeria; liquid and vapor phases; fresh/dried feedstock reporting inconsistent.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25242268/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Fresh/dried feedstock reporting is inconsistent. Fungal cultures and topical mouse experiments are separate models; neither establishes human skin benefit or safe inhalation. Vapor-diffusion assays do not establish room disinfection or safe inhalation."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-17a04b56fe6ce532a7b78e21",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2007",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Chinese Corymbia citriodora leaf oil, commercial product 800319, Kurt Kitzing",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2007"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0700200518"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending General introduction on steam distillation does not establish preparation of this sample. Rutin/quercetin assay comparators are not oil constituents. Not a PMD-rich processed product. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a266c7a26c4deab88129a23f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon-eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-lemon-eucalyptus-2004",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Corymbia citriodora leaf oil from Réunion Island",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"lemon-eucalyptus-2004"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698798"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Trace ester reported; numerical concentration not available in the accessible abstract. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-888c9984d3c6fc7fb7e436d1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Cinnamomum zeylanicum (= C. verum) stem-bark oil; manufacturer-reported steam-distilled Sri Lankan source.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8773145/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Canine-source cultures are not treated dogs; bark oil differs from leaf/root oils. No veterinary treatment or dermal suitability claim. Canine-source isolates are not treated dogs or a clinical skin study; bark/leaf oils differ."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-13085b704bbf791206741876",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-tincture-2020",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Commercial peppermint tinctures",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-tincture-2020"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010069"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not assign flavonoids or their bioactivity to the oil. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-300810e01819882f5222d211",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-eucalyptus-extract-2023",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-extract-2023"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179984"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not distilled oil composition or activity. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-50935ffc5a456191bed5dbf0",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "composition-thyme-extract-2022",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Plant extract / infusion; Commercial Polish Thymus vulgaris herb, aqueous polyphenol-enriched extracts",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "null"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"thyme-extract-2022"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.867709"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-98765689922acbe25e89e5f9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "composition-oregano-extract-2021",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Plant extract / infusion; Origanum vulgare from the Atacama Desert Andean region",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"oregano-extract-2021"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072100"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d52da0c0c598f78e83edc957",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-infusion-2014",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Plant extract / infusion; Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion and isolated glycosides",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-infusion-2014"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.003"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Not an essential-oil finding. Any source quantities are not imported here and cannot be attributed to distilled oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence; biological results are not inferred from the title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ebaa6d1b5e020eb6ca375fb8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "composition-cx01",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx01"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.982872"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Cultivar-specific. Hydrodistilled and supercritical-extract columns are separate samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1af194d4ffb8f9b00377977a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "composition-cx02",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "solvent-extract",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx02"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505177r"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Peel extract is not cold-pressed commercial lemon essential oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6b208df69c4c24e46cb17f01",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "composition-cx03",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx03"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.008"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Selected lemon samples lacked PMFs. Coumarins and furanocoumarins are not flavonoids; non-detection is not universal absence. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-40943ef4084a78dd1e53d938",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"studyId": "composition-cx04",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx04"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010179"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Commercial, crude and compounded samples are separate; do not merge them into a typical range. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f4b63ddb2b9f69555ec6dccf",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
"studyId": "composition-cx05",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx05"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3785"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Orange and tangor are distinct samples; enrichment versus hydrodistillation is not a universal quantity. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c91f07fe6f03f23e2c49f4a1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"studyId": "composition-cx07",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry-aroma-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "laboratory",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx07"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1041"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e738321e4a62e20a79ccbe71",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"studyId": "composition-cx08",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx08"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c03454"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Commercial oils varied. Analytical quality-control findings do not establish clinical safety for arbitrary uses. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6faae00dde3905db22822c81",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"studyId": "composition-cx09",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx09"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3188"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Cultivar-specific findings, not juice or a bergamot-polyphenol supplement. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ccf269cde5a9b71136e96750",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"studyId": "composition-cx10",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx10"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0340-y"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Liquid composition is not inhaled-headspace composition. Extraction provenance is incomplete. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d9c0f69856f1701cade9131a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "composition-cx11",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "hydrodistilled-essential-oil",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx11"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143166"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Different preparation from the catalog steam-distilled oil. Reported elemental S8 is not an organic thiol; replication/provenance is unresolved. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d73dd8779b680d9baf62b9cc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Single commercial sample and laboratory/food models; constituent results are not whole-oil results. No clinical benefit, finished-product effect or safe pest application established."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-516192b1acb0ba97396b25a5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Pelargonium graveolens",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010033"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked One producer/sample and laboratory/food models; biofilm effects and insect mortality do not establish household disinfection, safe exposure or field control."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d1c3f37aaf71ab1215956844",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "composition-cx14",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Early and late hydrodistilled Cananga odorata flower fractions from Mayotte",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx14"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18021783"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-03b89f4fa89408326dd11030",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "composition-cx15",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Cananga odorata flower oils; steam-water comparison sample",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx15"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203217"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Exact material/species/chemotype and oil-specific results need primary verification before positive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4c3a9352ca3d50698d317362",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "composition-cx16",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-distilled aerial-part C. martini var. motia oil, India, Pranarom batch OF012293; supplier GC-MS; geraniol comparator.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Analytical composition; no efficacy endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12844656/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Supplier composition was not independently remeasured. Clinical isolates are not a clinical trial. No wound, skin, respiratory or safety benefit established. Clinical isolates do not mean a clinical trial. No skin barrier, wound healing or respiratory symptom benefit measured."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2907c129960095a71edf0b48",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "composition-cx17",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx17"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31122105"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Scale, drying and method vary together. Column-specific amounts are not imported. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f9c3dfc63127e20304040684",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "composition-cx18",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-flavonoid-analysis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "solvent-extract",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx18"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182612"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Leaf-extract findings do not establish flavonoids in steam-distilled geranium oil. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-916284fbaed7c6a5857702ef",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "composition-cx19",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Cymbopogon martinii palmarosa biomass oils across agronomic treatments and harvests",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-applicable"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx19"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139195"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Treatments and harvests are distinct samples, not a retail oil specification. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8120c51c5fa8ca0ebb32c118",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"studyId": "composition-cx21",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "analytical-not-efficacy"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"cx21"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699710"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only Ripeness and season affect composition; this value is not universal. This record summarizes chemical evidence, not efficacy inferred from the publication title. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2d158e037c974f393fff3adb",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-memory",
"finding": "Ylang-ylang aroma impaired memory, slowed processing and reduced subjective alertness.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Measured cognition or alertness worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Add ylang-ylang to the existing canonical paper; retain negative cognitive outcomes, and do not promise a focus benefit. Ylang-ylang worsened measured cognitive outcomes; do not recommend for cognitive improvement. Direct research-topic match includes this unfavorable or mechanistic result; it is not a positive functional-use recommendation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0e8c2bebf147db2dc1e04e1b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-alertness",
"finding": "Ylang-ylang aroma impaired memory, slowed processing and reduced subjective alertness.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Measured cognition or alertness worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Add ylang-ylang to the existing canonical paper; retain negative cognitive outcomes, and do not promise a focus benefit. Ylang-ylang worsened measured cognitive outcomes; do not recommend for cognitive improvement. Direct research-topic match includes this unfavorable or mechanistic result; it is not a positive functional-use recommendation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-dba3a9a6e81663299af41218",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": "Ylang-ylang aroma increased calmness, alongside reduced alertness and worse cognitive performance.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Calmness increased; alertness and cognition worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Add ylang-ylang to the existing canonical paper; retain negative cognitive outcomes, and do not promise a focus benefit."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0052e5c648cacabd4827f0ea",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "Pelargonium graveolens",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Bacterial culture and food-model assays with variable exposure methods.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010033"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked One producer/sample and laboratory/food models; biofilm effects and insect mortality do not establish household disinfection, safe exposure or field control."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2ce35b4e5760777272ed1f14",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "Pelargonium graveolens",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Salmonella enterica biofilm protein-profile assays on plastic and stainless steel.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13010033"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked One producer/sample and laboratory/food models; biofilm effects and insect mortality do not establish household disinfection, safe exposure or field control."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c2a42ea34131184f059c5fa9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Bacterial culture and food-model assays with variable exposure methods.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Single commercial sample and laboratory/food models; constituent results are not whole-oil results. No clinical benefit, finished-product effect or safe pest application established."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-406775d3dd7f6408da9fb2ec",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm protein-profile assays on steel and plastic.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Single commercial sample and laboratory/food models; constituent results are not whole-oil results. No clinical benefit, finished-product effect or safe pest application established."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-de6997ad32894443d3af7e5a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory fungal assays; no single exposure method assigned.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065179"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-abstract-or-fulltext-checked Single commercial sample and laboratory/food models; constituent results are not whole-oil results. No clinical benefit, finished-product effect or safe pest application established."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-94e0eab005746c5e3e510453",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "khanna-macdonald-levesque-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Oral peppermint formulations in reviewed IBS trials",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human systematic review",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24100754/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not primary evidence; oral formulated products cannot support an aromatic spray digestive suggestion. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-acd1a7e8d32e5b33e24c2b8a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": "Peppermint aroma improved memory and increased subjective alertness in the acute experiment.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Peppermint essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Memory or alertness improved in the acute experiment.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Single acute laboratory exposure; expectancy and scent masking limits; no everyday performance claim."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a89a2e5b4235532d5d3b9f2b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled air-dried Mentha piperita aerial parts from Fars, Iran",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Candida, Cryptococcus and Aspergillus laboratory fungal cultures.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/718645",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3532871/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One characterized hydrodistilled sample differs from the catalog steam-distillation label. No human fungal treatment or disinfection claim. One characterized oil; hydrodistillation differs from catalog steam-distillation. No human fungal treatment, disinfectant or cleaning validation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ad28b49fe54c841b88526a4e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-2012",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled air-dried Mentha piperita aerial parts from Fars, Iran",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "XTT assay of Candida biofilm formation.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-2012"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/718645",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3532871/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One characterized hydrodistilled sample differs from the catalog steam-distillation label. No human fungal treatment or disinfection claim. One characterized oil; hydrodistillation differs from catalog steam-distillation. No human fungal treatment, disinfectant or cleaning validation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c4334f9e78bcea6f8b96db1b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "composition-peppermint-tincture-2020",
"useNodeId": "botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Commercial peppermint tinctures",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"peppermint-tincture-2020"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010069"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not assign flavonoids or their bioactivity to the oil. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-f6be6b5f78431276ce1628cc",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-eucalyptus-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial steam-distilled fresh-leaf Eucalyptus globulus oil, Hanus, plants cultivated in Spain",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Yeast culture and vapor-phase mold-growth assays; multiple exposure methods.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-2023"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10004840/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One commercial sample; laboratory and food matrices do not establish human skin treatment or cleaning. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide. One commercial sample; food/laboratory matrices do not establish skin treatment or cleaning."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-a7819a1d26c9d909feaccee1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-eucalyptus-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial steam-distilled fresh-leaf Eucalyptus globulus oil, Hanus, plants cultivated in Spain",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory bacterial biofilm assays; exact endpoint-specific exposure method not separately extracted.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-2023"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051076",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10004840/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked One commercial sample; laboratory and food matrices do not establish human skin treatment or cleaning. 1,8-cineole is a cyclic ether, not an epoxide. One commercial sample; food/laboratory matrices do not establish skin treatment or cleaning."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-74056e862c1e2524fedf5418",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "composition-eucalyptus-extract-2023",
"useNodeId": "botanical-nonvolatile-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [
"eucalyptus-extract-2023"
],
"urls": [
"https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179984"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not distilled oil composition or activity. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-720ac203725127123a09e333",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "buck-nidorf-addino-1994",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-superficial-fungal-research",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "100% oil in nail trial; 25% and 50% solutions in tinea trial",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human onychomycosis and tinea-pedis trials",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8195735/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not turn study doses into formulation recommendations; incomplete cures and irritation constrain interpretation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-595383b99480de3b1ed1add1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "satchell-2002-tinea",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-superficial-fungal-research",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "100% oil in nail trial; 25% and 50% solutions in tinea trial",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human onychomycosis and tinea-pedis trials",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12121393/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not turn study doses into formulation recommendations; incomplete cures and irritation constrain interpretation. Not independently source-reverified in this pass."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cb0c0554f97ab6b02ea9ccf1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": "Memory quality improved but memory responses slowed.",
"limitations": "Acute laboratory exposure with multiple outcomes, not lasting cognitive improvement. This is separate from the later 20-person blood-cineole correlation study.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Rosmarinus officinalis",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Rosmarinus officinalis aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Memory quality improved but memory responses slowed.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-093fa0bbb1a3be779eadeebf",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "moss-oliver-2012-cineole",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": "In 20 volunteers exposed to rosemary aroma, blood cineole concentration correlated with cognitive task speed and accuracy. Mood associations were less consistent.",
"limitations": "Correlational study without an unexposed comparison group; it cannot establish that rosemary improves attention.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Rosmarinus officinalis essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "20 adults; correlation after rosemary aroma",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed / correlational",
"verification": "source-checked",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary abstract checked for material, route, model and outcome. No product efficacy inferred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route explicitly reported in the primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-c845a83dcd6faea1c533fbf2",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "pengelly-2012-rosemary",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Oral rosemary powder/herb preparations",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human cognitive studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21877951/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Do not use as rosemary-essential-oil or inhalation evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-21ab51776e35041e03c10735",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "farouk-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "textile-treatment",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Beta-cyclodextrin/essential-oil inclusion complexes applied to cotton",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Antibacterial assays of oil-complex-treated cotton before and after washing.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36433025/",
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9694717/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Finishing durability is not laundry detergency, stain removal or disinfection of worn garments. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e03a902884d573683ada8fa9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "pine",
"studyId": "jurado-2023",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Pinus sylvestris essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "N. gonorrhoeae and S. suis bacterial cultures and biofilm assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37857249/",
"https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/131495/files/texto_completo.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Verify oil-specific endpoint before species-wide statements; no household soil-removal, clinical or finished-spray evidence."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-41461537d60c8103152b664e",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ylang-ylang",
"studyId": "moss-2008-peppermint-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-calm",
"finding": "Ylang-ylang aroma increased calmness, alongside reduced alertness and worse cognitive performance.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cananga odorata essential-oil aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "144 healthy adults in randomized peppermint, ylang-ylang and no-aroma conditions.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Calmness increased; alertness and cognition worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18041606/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Single acute laboratory exposure with expectancy and scent-masking limitations; no treatment or finished-product performance claim. Add ylang-ylang to the existing canonical paper; retain negative cognitive outcomes, and do not promise a focus benefit."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-295c006e3f43d113d42a23ee",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ravintsara",
"studyId": "chen-2020-ravintsara-mrsa",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cinnamomum camphora leaf oil: linalool 26.6%, eucalyptol 16.8%, camphor 5.0%",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Bacterial culture screening and MRSA membrane/metabolomics experiments.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035880/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-checked Catalog specifies cineole-type ravintsara. This linalool-leading oil cannot be treated as matched ravintsara; withhold suggestion until matching primary evidence. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-e83b6541346f2d1acba35891",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-profiles-2022",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591428/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-9c414465016a86fe1aa80c50",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-terpene-diversity-2016",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31084880/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-06e7fd1ccfa398b44b21371d",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2023",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37901519/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-709a3dece9276a89f9cc42c6",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-volatile-classification-2022",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
"finding": "Analyzed plant chemistry; no clinical or functional use tested.",
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"material": {
"kind": "plant-material",
"label": "Cannabis sativa plant material",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Plant metabolite analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Chemical variation; no functional benefit tested.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35588111/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Corrected primary citation and abstract checked. Plant chemistry is not cognitive or other functional-use evidence; the material is not a distilled essential oil."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Analytical plant chemistry; no application route."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cdeaa03b929c549409f5e507",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-sulfur-aroma-2021",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869990/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-750f2d0ea9e4df587ceff998",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannabis-aroma-chemistry-2024",
"useNodeId": "sensory-aroma-chemistry",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Rosin extracts; flowers/hydrocarbon extracts; ice-water-hash rosin respectively",
"relevance": "related-species/preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Analytical/sensory studies",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive-in-studied-model"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38973868/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Not steam-distilled oil composition; no functional health, cleaning or skin efficacy evidence. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1343901a2afe118ad6f240d1",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "cannflavins-review-2021",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "review",
"label": "Plant material and varied preparations; includes nonvolatile compounds",
"relevance": "review",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical analysis of the cited sample.",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "not-assessed"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33681553/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-only Remove cognitive health tagging for plant-chemistry records. Cannabinoid-rich extracts and flavonoids cannot establish essential-oil function. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"notes": "Chemical-analysis endpoint; biological administration routes do not apply."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8baecfad1aed9a879a0b4e6f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "pinto-2009-clove-antifungal",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Syzygium aromaticum essential oil; 85.3% eugenol in this sample; eugenol tested separately. Extraction and plant part not verified in abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte cultures; oil and eugenol arms tested separately.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19589904/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In-vitro study; results do not establish treatment efficacy in humans. Skin-associated organisms do not make this a human skin trial; pure-eugenol findings remain separate."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fc617135d82c6963619e2498",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "mixed-laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory culture assays plus environmental microbial counts; no single route assigned across these systems.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "mixed"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Indoor trial settings; long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness not assessed. No soil-removal endpoint; no human exposure or inhalation safety study; formulation needs shaking and is not a validated custom spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-385617371befbd78fc17610f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "mixed-laboratory",
"label": "Laboratory culture assays plus environmental microbial counts; no single route assigned across these systems.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "mixed"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Indoor trial settings; long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness not assessed. No soil-removal endpoint; no human exposure or inhalation safety study; formulation needs shaking and is not a validated custom spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7656e33f4a6572a2bb79e605",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "moore-darling-sihuincha-2007",
"useNodeId": "pest-mosquitoes",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "PMD plus distilled C. citratus lemongrass oil, fillers and fixatives; PMD separately manufactured.",
"relevance": "multi-ingredient-formulation",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human volunteer mosquito landing-count trials of a multi-ingredient formulation.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1971064/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Single-night Latin-square trials per site; efficacy measured by landing counts, not malaria infection outcomes. Contribution of lemongrass cannot be isolated; not evidence for arbitrary spray, unmodified lemon-eucalyptus oil or disease prevention. Material is contextual or unverified rather than a direct whole-oil match. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unresolved-or-multiple",
"notes": "The scoped record spans methods or lacks a separately verified route; no route is inferred."
}
},
{
"id": "use-53cf391223b3c3d971b754cb",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cymbopogon citratus leaf/aerial essential oil from Algeria; liquid and vapor phases; fresh/dried feedstock reporting inconsistent.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Candida and Aspergillus fungal-growth assays in liquid and vapor phases.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25242268/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Fresh/dried feedstock reporting is inconsistent. Fungal cultures and topical mouse experiments are separate models; neither establishes human skin benefit or safe inhalation. Vapor-diffusion assays do not establish room disinfection or safe inhalation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2253644fe96245d30d1acec9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-inflammation",
"finding": "Topical oil reduced experimentally induced mouse-ear edema and inflammatory histological changes.",
"limitations": "Animal experiment, not human skin or cosmetic benefit; no treatment or formulation recommendation.",
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Same C. citratus essential oil; topical experimental application.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Croton-oil-induced mouse-ear edema and histological inflammation measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25242268/",
"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/ljm.v9.25431"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Fresh/dried feedstock reporting is inconsistent. Fungal cultures and topical mouse experiments are separate models; neither establishes human skin benefit or safe inhalation. Animal model, not human cosmetic benefit or treatment of dermatitis. Retain species and route."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-36e24aa00fbe2ec7c57967c8",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemongrass",
"studyId": "composition-lemongrass-2014",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": "Topical oil reduced experimentally induced mouse-ear edema and inflammatory histological changes.",
"limitations": "Animal experiment, not human skin or cosmetic benefit; no treatment or formulation recommendation.",
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Same C. citratus essential oil; topical experimental application.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Croton-oil-induced mouse-ear edema and histological inflammation measurements.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"lemongrass-2014"
],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25242268/",
"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/ljm.v9.25431"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Fresh/dried feedstock reporting is inconsistent. Fungal cultures and topical mouse experiments are separate models; neither establishes human skin benefit or safe inhalation. Animal model, not human cosmetic benefit or treatment of dermatitis. Retain species and route."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5bdc9074e854c6c2ce3c824c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cymbopogon nardus leaf oil; differs from catalog steam-distillation label.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Candida standard and clinical-isolate fungal growth assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5000650/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. nardus differs from C. winterianus; sample preparation differs from the catalog label. Cytotoxicity occurred below some antifungal MICs; no clinical skin treatment or topical safety inference. Antifungal exposure levels and cytotoxicity both matter; no clinical skin treatment evidence."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-04a64cbcebbc344e02a3b5ac",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "citronella",
"studyId": "composition-citronella-2016",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cymbopogon nardus leaf oil; differs from catalog steam-distillation label.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Mature Candida biofilm assays.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"citronella-2016"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5000650/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. nardus differs from C. winterianus; sample preparation differs from the catalog label. Cytotoxicity occurred below some antifungal MICs; no clinical skin treatment or topical safety inference. Antifungal exposure levels and cytotoxicity both matter; no clinical skin treatment evidence."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-11fac7bdf825c0e258cda1e7",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "hovijitra-2016-cinnamon-candida",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil; preparation method not verified from accessible abstract.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Planktonic and biofilm-associated Candida albicans cultures.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/josnusd/58/3/58_15-0736/_pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified In vitro study only; much higher concentrations needed against biofilms than planktonic cells. No human dental or skin efficacy; culture testing is not mouthwash or spray validation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-903e6af8e242fd910e14e3ad",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Cinnamomum zeylanicum (= C. verum) stem-bark oil; manufacturer-reported steam-distilled Sri Lankan source.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Staphylococcus isolates from canine otitis; planktonic and biofilm culture assays, not treated dogs.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8773145/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Canine-source cultures are not treated dogs; bark oil differs from leaf/root oils. No veterinary treatment or dermal suitability claim. Canine-source isolates are not treated dogs or a clinical skin study; bark/leaf oils differ."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-fc8d7306d3c9b26c0e174b00",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cinnamon",
"studyId": "composition-cinnamon-2022",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial Cinnamomum zeylanicum (= C. verum) stem-bark oil; manufacturer-reported steam-distilled Sri Lankan source.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Staphylococcus isolates from canine otitis; planktonic and biofilm culture assays, not treated dogs.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cinnamon-2022"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8773145/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified C. zeylanicum is a synonym of C. verum. Canine-source cultures are not treated dogs; bark oil differs from leaf/root oils. No veterinary treatment or dermal suitability claim. Canine-source isolates are not treated dogs or a clinical skin study; bark/leaf oils differ."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ae9f12d7f38ce35dc3361c0f",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "palmarosa",
"studyId": "composition-cx16",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-distilled aerial-part C. martini var. motia oil, India, Pranarom batch OF012293; supplier GC-MS; geraniol comparator.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Human clinical bacterial isolates grown in broth; HepG2 toxicity was a separate endpoint.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx16"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12844656/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-source-verified Supplier composition was not independently remeasured. Clinical isolates are not a clinical trial. No wound, skin, respiratory or safety benefit established. Clinical isolates do not mean a clinical trial. No skin barrier, wound healing or respiratory symptom benefit measured."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-300529d89e6ba0b82641373c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "composition-cx12",
"useNodeId": "pest-plant-bugs-oxycarenus-lavaterae",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "laboratory-vapor-exposure",
"species": "Salvia sclarea",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; One commercial Salvia sclarea branches/leaves oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Oxycarenus lavaterae in sealed Petri dishes with treated filter paper in the lid.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Laboratory insect mortality was observed.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx12"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10049179/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Primary abstract and experimental insect section checked. Laboratory mortality does not establish field efficacy, repellency, human/pet safety or a safe use concentration."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-7a700a62fa141c9488b27a24",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "geranium",
"studyId": "composition-cx13",
"useNodeId": "pest-beetles-harmonia-axyridis",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "laboratory-vapor-exposure",
"species": "Pelargonium graveolens",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Essential oil; Commercial Pelargonium graveolens fresh-plant-material oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Harmonia axyridis in sealed Petri dishes with treated filter paper in the lid.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Laboratory insect mortality was observed.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [
"cx13"
],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10778218/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Primary abstract and experimental insect section checked. Laboratory mortality does not establish field efficacy, repellency, human/pet safety or a safe use concentration."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-3cd3455bdbc98c697794a95a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clary-sage",
"studyId": "han-2006-dysmenorrhea",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation-menstrual-cramps",
"finding": "The three-oil massage intervention reduced menstrual cramp severity versus the comparison groups.",
"limitations": "67 students. No individual-oil arm; the rose species is Rosa centifolia, not a generic interchangeable rose oil.",
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, clary sage and Rosa centifolia oils in almond oil, with abdominal massage",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 67 students. No individual-oil arm; the rose species is Rosa centifolia, not a generic interchangeable rose oil."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-917fae96e7423fb17e13f5b9",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "bergamot",
"studyId": "graham-browne-cox-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": "Anxiety was lower with carrier oil alone than in the fragrant arms.",
"limitations": "Individual oil contributions were not isolated.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, bergamot and cedarwood inhalation blend",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-established"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Anxiety was lower with carrier oil alone than in the fragrant arms.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805340/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4a10299d162eb945202bf4e5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "yang-2021-citrus-cleaning",
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"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "bench-soil-removal",
"species": "Citrus limon",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cold-pressed Citrus limon crude peel oil; molecular-distillation fractions were separate arms.",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Oil-soiled gauze bench assay; crude oils and distillation fractions were tested separately.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440794/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-full-text-checked. Sections: Materials; Determination of Cleaning Ability; Cleaning Abilities of Citrus EO and Common Detergents. Experimental quantities are not a recipe; cleaning results do not establish disinfection or skin safety."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-dc3d06113dbceb577eef419c",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sweet-orange",
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"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "bench-soil-removal",
"species": "Citrus sinensis",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cold-pressed Citrus sinensis crude peel oil; molecular-distillation fractions were separate arms.",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Oil-soiled gauze bench assay; crude oils and distillation fractions were tested separately.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440794/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-full-text-checked. Sections: Materials; Determination of Cleaning Ability; Cleaning Abilities of Citrus EO and Common Detergents. Experimental quantities are not a recipe; cleaning results do not establish disinfection or skin safety."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-97739563300f2b2e17048243",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "grapefruit",
"studyId": "yang-2021-citrus-cleaning",
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-soil-removal",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "bench-soil-removal",
"species": "Citrus paradisi",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi crude peel oil; molecular-distillation fractions were separate arms.",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "same-named-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "Oil-soiled gauze bench assay; crude oils and distillation fractions were tested separately.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "positive in studied model",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8440794/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-full-text-checked. Sections: Materials; Determination of Cleaning Ability; Cleaning Abilities of Citrus EO and Common Detergents. Experimental quantities are not a recipe; cleaning results do not establish disinfection or skin safety."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-8e8df4996a9e80504a108f78",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "frankincense",
"studyId": "han-2017-frankincense-fibroblasts",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-cellular-remodeling",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "in-vitro-cell-exposure",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Commercial doTERRA frankincense essential oil; botanical species unreported in main text.",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "unverified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Cytokine-stimulated human neonatal dermal fibroblast cultures.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mechanistic-mixed",
"label": "mechanistic mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5801908/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-full-text-checked. Sections: 2.5 Reagents; 3.1 Bioactivity profile; Conflicts of interest. Cell concentrations do not set topical safety or dosing; no wound, scar or anti-aging efficacy established."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-2315920aeeccb158c830a702",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "rosemary",
"studyId": "panahi-2015-rosemary-alopecia",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-scalp-hair",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "related-preparation",
"label": "Barij Essence rosemary-oil lotion standardized to at least 3.7 mg 1,8-cineole/mL; total oil percentage unspecified.",
"relevance": "related-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "unverified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Single-blind six-month scalp-lotion comparison in 100 men with androgenetic alopecia.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25842469/",
"https://skinmedjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/skinmed_v13_i1.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "primary-full-text-and-PubMed-checked. Sections: Publisher PDF pages 16-18 (printed pages 15-17): abstract, Patients and Methods, Results. Research regimen is not a formulation recipe or recommendation; scalp irritation occurred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cff1034d6f3aeade79ac3be0",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lemon oil",
"relevance": "different-extraction",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive-in-studied-model",
"label": "Positive mood increased.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "Positive mood increased.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Citrus limonum",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178322/",
"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-4d7644892abe41b9ef68291b",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-immune",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lemon oil",
"relevance": "different-extraction",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mechanistic-mixed",
"label": "Reduced delayed hypersensitivity response; no consistent cytokine changes.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "Reduced delayed hypersensitivity response; no consistent cytokine changes.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Citrus limonum",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d51db7afb8eb0a7af5b110f4",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lemon oil",
"relevance": "different-extraction",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable heart-rate or blood-pressure change.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable heart-rate or blood-pressure change.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Citrus limonum",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-0c5b2c7de5f6afbe3b6472ab",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-barrier-repair",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lemon oil",
"relevance": "different-extraction",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable acceleration of barrier repair.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable acceleration of barrier repair.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Citrus limonum",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d33a0f87937988ce1969c552",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lemon",
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"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lemon oil",
"relevance": "different-extraction",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable reduction in cold-pressor pain.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable reduction in cold-pressor pain.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Citrus limonum",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-67a63def7ed8f3141bbbcc2a",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lavender oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No mood enhancement.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No mood enhancement.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-5cc7fc9dcebc227151daebd3",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-immune",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lavender oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mechanistic-mixed",
"label": "Reduced delayed hypersensitivity response; no consistent cytokine changes.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "Reduced delayed hypersensitivity response; no consistent cytokine changes.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-1639b396b8fc1ca6280889c5",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
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"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lavender oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable heart-rate or blood-pressure change.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable heart-rate or blood-pressure change.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
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"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-161716dec2fa9b809445a1fd",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-barrier-repair",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
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"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable acceleration of barrier repair.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable acceleration of barrier repair.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178322/",
"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-98bcfdc9c47d83c5c4997715",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kiecolt-glaser-2008-olfactory",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Steam-extracted lavender oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No reliable reduction in cold-pressor pain.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"finding": "No reliable reduction in cold-pressor pain.",
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in full text, methods §2.4 and results."
},
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18178322/",
"https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.psu.edu/dist/9/54275/files/2016/07/olfactory-influences-on-mood-and-autonomic-endocrine-and-immune-function-2008.pdf"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of full text, methods §2.4 and results; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-37570883-401",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "GC-MS composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. One Moroccan wood sample; laboratory culture and enzyme assays, not infection treatment, pain relief in humans or a validated spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"notes": "Composition measurement, not exposure."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-37570883-402",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. One Moroccan wood sample; laboratory culture and enzyme assays, not infection treatment, pain relief in humans or a validated spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-37570883-403",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. One Moroccan wood sample; laboratory culture and enzyme assays, not infection treatment, pain relief in humans or a validated spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-37570883-404",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "el-hachlafi-2023-atlas-cedar",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. One Moroccan wood sample; laboratory culture and enzyme assays, not infection treatment, pain relief in humans or a validated spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10421490/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-26344850-405",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "martins-2015-atlas-cedar-pain",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Mouse experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344850/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Animal experiment. The abstract does not establish human analgesia, a safe exposure or the commercial oil batch specification."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26344850/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-german-28231151-406",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-german",
"studyId": "ghassemi-2016-german-chamomile-composition",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Matricaria recutita distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "GC-MS composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Matricaria recutita",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5302395/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Agronomic composition study. These sample profiles establish neither calming effects nor a universal commercial-oil composition."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5302395/"
],
"notes": "Composition measurement, not exposure."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-german-22070986-407",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-german",
"studyId": "can-2012-german-chamomile-behavior",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Matricaria recutita distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Mouse experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "negative",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": null,
"species": "Matricaria recutita",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070986/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Mouse behavioral tests. Exposure route was not established from the checked abstract; tea and extract studies cannot be substituted for this oil."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22070986/"
],
"notes": "Route not established from the checked abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-roman-29681854-408",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-roman",
"studyId": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Chamaemelum nobile distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "GC-MS composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Chamaemelum nobile",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Isolated guinea-pig, rat and human tissue experiments, not a clinical trial. Direct tissue exposure does not establish digestive benefits from inhalation or a skin spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/"
],
"notes": "Composition measurement, not exposure."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-roman-29681854-409",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-roman",
"studyId": "sandor-2018-roman-chamomile",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-smooth-muscle",
"finding": "Roman chamomile oil relaxed isolated animal intestinal tissue and human jejunal strips. These are tissue-bath experiments, not treated patients.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Chamaemelum nobile distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "ex-vivo",
"label": "Isolated intestinal tissue",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "ex-vivo-exposure",
"species": "Chamaemelum nobile",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Isolated guinea-pig, rat and human tissue experiments, not a clinical trial. Direct tissue exposure does not establish digestive benefits from inhalation or a skin spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5897738/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-14765284-410",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2004-sandalwood",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Santalum album distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Acute study in healthy people with fragrance inhalation blocked by masks. Whole-oil findings are mixed and do not establish sleep, anxiety treatment or spray effectiveness."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-14765284-411",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "hongratanaworakit-2004-sandalwood",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Santalum album distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Acute study in healthy people with fragrance inhalation blocked by masks. Whole-oil findings are mixed and do not establish sleep, anxiety treatment or spray effectiveness."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14765284/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-28360856-412",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "The supplier certificate reported α-santalol 49.0% and β-santalol 20.8% for the studied Santalum album heartwood oil lot.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Santalum album distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "GC-MS composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Twelve enrolled, eleven evaluable; open-label, no placebo, proprietary formulation and manufacturer-affiliated authors. Study concentration is not a general dermal safety limit."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"notes": "Composition measurement, not exposure."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-28360856-413",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-psoriasis",
"finding": "Plaque scores improved in an uncontrolled pilot; one of twelve participants withdrew with an application-site reaction. No placebo comparison established efficacy.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "single-oil-topical-formulation",
"label": "10% w/w Santalum album oil in a proprietary serum, twice daily for up to 28 days",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Twelve enrolled, eleven evaluable; open-label, no placebo, proprietary formulation and manufacturer-affiliated authors. Study concentration is not a general dermal safety limit."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-28360856-414-lab",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "sharma-2017-sandalwood-psoriasis",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-psoriasis",
"finding": "Separate reconstructed psoriatic skin models exposed to sandalwood oil showed reduced inflammatory markers.",
"limitations": "Laboratory tissue models, not clinical improvement. Does not establish treatment or a safe formulation.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Santalum album distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Laboratory tissue models, not clinical improvement. Does not establish treatment or a safe formulation."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5352686/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-26051575-415",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "lua-2015-ginger-chemotherapy",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-chemotherapy",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Zingiber officinale distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051575/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Single-blind crossover during chemotherapy. The authors found the evidence insufficient for efficacy; selected quality-of-life improvements do not establish nausea control."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26051575/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-27841938-416",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "lee-2017-ginger-postoperative",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Zingiber officinale distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27841938/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Quasi-experimental, non-equivalent groups and an unscented comparator. Not a randomized blinded efficacy trial or evidence for oral ginger or a custom spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27841938/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-32872604-417",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "The steam-distilled sample contained zingiberene at 35.651% and geraniol at 1.382% of chromatographic peak area, distinct from the CO₂ sample.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Zingiber officinale distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "GC-MS composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. The antibacterial arm did not test the catalog distilled oil. Reported chromatographic percentages are sample-specific and do not establish a product specification."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/"
],
"notes": "Composition measurement, not exposure."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-32872604-418",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "wang-2020-ginger-composition",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-extract",
"label": "Supercritical CO₂ ginger extract selected for antibacterial tests",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. The antibacterial arm did not test the catalog distilled oil. Reported chromatographic percentages are sample-specific and do not establish a product specification."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7504760/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific route; not a recommended consumer use."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-german-38172912-419",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-german",
"studyId": "pourshaikhian-2024-german-chamomile-acs",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Matricaria recutita distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Matricaria recutita",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Single hospital, short follow-up, subjective anxiety, scent-distinguishable comparator and baseline demographic imbalances despite randomization. Adjunct to usual hospital care; no evidence of treating coronary disease or validating a custom spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-german-38172912-420",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-german",
"studyId": "pourshaikhian-2024-german-chamomile-acs",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Matricaria recutita distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Matricaria recutita",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Single hospital, short follow-up, subjective anxiety, scent-distinguishable comparator and baseline demographic imbalances despite randomization. Adjunct to usual hospital care; no evidence of treating coronary disease or validating a custom spray."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10763144/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-german-29808331-421",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-german",
"studyId": "zargaran-2018-chamomile-migraine",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation-headache",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-preparation",
"label": "Traditional chamomile extraction in sesame oil, reformulated as oleogel",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "Matricaria recutita",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808331/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. A botanical extraction in sesame oil containing apigenin and chamazulene, not the catalog distilled essential oil. Attrition and formulation specificity limit transfer; no whole-oil efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29808331/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-roman-39968372-422",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-roman",
"studyId": "el-assri-2025-roman-chamomile-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": "Growth inhibition of the tested microbial cultures; no human treatment endpoint.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Chamaemelum nobile distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Chamaemelum nobile",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Laboratory assays only. The unusual sesquiterpene-rich profile is not generalized to commercial ester-rich Roman chamomile. The abstract and methods/results disagree on insect exposure quantities; no dose, household protection or human infection claim is adopted."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-roman-39968372-423",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-roman",
"studyId": "el-assri-2025-roman-chamomile-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": "Growth inhibition of the tested microbial cultures; no human treatment endpoint.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Chamaemelum nobile distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "in-vitro-exposure",
"species": "Chamaemelum nobile",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Laboratory assays only. The unusual sesquiterpene-rich profile is not generalized to commercial ester-rich Roman chamomile. The abstract and methods/results disagree on insect exposure quantities; no dose, household protection or human infection claim is adopted."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-chamomile-roman-39968372-424",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "chamomile-roman",
"studyId": "el-assri-2025-roman-chamomile-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "pest-beetles-callosobruchus-maculatus",
"finding": "Cowpea weevil laboratory fumigation and filter-paper avoidance assays; not mosquito, tick or household protection.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Chamaemelum nobile distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "Chamaemelum nobile",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Laboratory assays only. The unusual sesquiterpene-rich profile is not generalized to commercial ester-rich Roman chamomile. The abstract and methods/results disagree on insect exposure quantities; no dose, household protection or human infection claim is adopted."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11832495/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-sandalwood-23377508-425",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "sandalwood",
"studyId": "moy-2012-sandalwood-acne-regimen",
"useNodeId": "health-skin-acne",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Salicylic acid plus sandalwood oil cleanser, serum, spot treatment and mask",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "unverified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "Santalum album",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377508/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Combination regimen with 0.5% salicylic acid, no placebo or oil-only arm. The checked abstract describes Australian-sourced sandalwood without a botanical species; neither Santalum album identity nor an independent oil benefit is established."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23377508/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-37774171-426",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "sforza-2023-ginger-postoperative",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "botanical-preparation",
"label": "Ginger oil on an anesthesia laryngeal mask; extraction not specified in abstract",
"relevance": "preparation-unverified",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laryngeal-mask-exposure",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37774171/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Thirty women at one center. Intraoperative airway-device exposure differs from everyday aromatherapy; extraction and batch identity are not specified in the checked abstract. No consumer exposure recommendation is inferred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37774171/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-ginger-40154579-427",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "ginger",
"studyId": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint, ginger and lavender oils, each diluted to 1% in the studied intervention",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Zingiber officinale",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Three-oil combination versus water, single center and scent-distinguishable control. The symptomatic subgroup was much smaller than enrollment; individual-oil effects and a custom spray cannot be inferred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-peppermint-40154579-428",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint, ginger and lavender oils, each diluted to 1% in the studied intervention",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Mentha piperita",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Three-oil combination versus water, single center and scent-distinguishable control. The symptomatic subgroup was much smaller than enrollment; individual-oil effects and a custom spray cannot be inferred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-lavender-40154579-429",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "2025-ginger-peppermint-lavender-nausea",
"useNodeId": "health-digestive-nausea-postoperative",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint, ginger and lavender oils, each diluted to 1% in the studied intervention",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "abstract-screened. Three-oil combination versus water, single center and scent-distinguishable control. The symptomatic subgroup was much smaller than enrollment; individual-oil effects and a custom spray cannot be inferred."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40154579/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-35161339-430",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria",
"finding": "Laboratory microbial growth or biofilm endpoints; not disinfection or clinical efficacy.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Commercial sample with a supplier-reported identity and a profile different from the other Atlas cedar sample. Food-model, culture and firebug assays are not clinical treatment, cleaning performance or mosquito/tick repellency. Mortality is not a repellency endpoint."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-35161339-431",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi",
"finding": "Laboratory microbial growth or biofilm endpoints; not disinfection or clinical efficacy.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Commercial sample with a supplier-reported identity and a profile different from the other Atlas cedar sample. Food-model, culture and firebug assays are not clinical treatment, cleaning performance or mosquito/tick repellency. Mortality is not a repellency endpoint."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-35161339-432",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": "MALDI-TOF protein profiles of P. fluorescens and S. enterica biofilms changed from day seven after oil exposure.",
"limitations": "Protein-profile changes do not establish viable biofilm eradication or surface disinfection.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory culture or enzyme assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "Biofilm protein-profile change",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-contact-and-vapor",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Commercial sample with a supplier-reported identity and a profile different from the other Atlas cedar sample. Food-model, culture and firebug assays are not clinical treatment, cleaning performance or mosquito/tick repellency. Mortality is not a repellency endpoint."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cedarwood-atlas-35161339-433",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cedarwood-atlas",
"studyId": "galovicova-2022-atlas-cedar-bioactivity",
"useNodeId": "pest-plant-bugs-pyrrhocoris-apterus",
"finding": "Firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) mortality after 24-hour vapor exposure in sealed dishes; not repellency.",
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Cedrus atlantica distilled essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Live firebugs in a sealed-dish vapor experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-vapor",
"species": "Cedrus atlantica",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "full-text-screened. Commercial sample with a supplier-reported identity and a profile different from the other Atlas cedar sample. Food-model, culture and firebug assays are not clinical treatment, cleaning performance or mosquito/tick repellency. Mortality is not a repellency endpoint."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8839266/"
],
"notes": "Endpoint-specific experimental route; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-thyme-2024-cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Indoor surface-swab culturable microbial counts after direct experimental treatment.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-surface-contact",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Application and measured endpoint are complementary tags: microbial counts after surface contact or experimental air nebulization. This is not soil removal or certification of a commercial disinfectant."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-thyme-2024-cleaning-air",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "sateriale-forgione-2024",
"useNodeId": "cleaning-air",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Commercial thyme white oil, Sigma W306509; 2.5% or 5% dispersed in water and shaken before use. Sample-specific species/chemotype/extraction not independently authenticated in methods.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "environmental",
"label": "Culturable airborne microbial counts in an unoccupied laboratory after experimental nebulization.",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "experimental-nebulization",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11130963/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Application and measured endpoint are complementary tags: microbial counts after surface contact or experimental air nebulization. This is not soil removal or certification of a commercial disinfectant."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Endpoint-specific method from the checked publication."
}
},
{
"id": "use-oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces-cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces",
"useNodeId": "cleaning-surface-disinfection",
"finding": "Oregano oil vapor reduced culturable bacteria on steel, polypropylene and glass coupons. Most tested combinations had no detectable viable cells; one Staphylococcus/glass combination retained survivors.",
"limitations": "Controlled vapor exposure, not a household spray. Results depend on organism, surface, soil load and exposure conditions; no infection-prevention or certified-disinfectant claim.",
"route": "experimental-vapor-surface-contact",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Origanum vulgare essential-oil vapor",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "laboratory study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed within studied conditions",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38667047/"
],
"sourceIds": [],
"notes": "Primary abstract checked. Findings apply to the tested preparation and endpoint only."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route described in primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces-microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "oregano",
"studyId": "oregano-2024-food-contact-surfaces",
"useNodeId": "microbial-environmental-counts-surfaces",
"finding": "Oregano oil vapor reduced culturable bacteria on steel, polypropylene and glass coupons. Most tested combinations had no detectable viable cells; one Staphylococcus/glass combination retained survivors.",
"limitations": "Controlled vapor exposure, not a household spray. Results depend on organism, surface, soil load and exposure conditions; no infection-prevention or certified-disinfectant claim.",
"route": "experimental-vapor-surface-contact",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Origanum vulgare essential-oil vapor",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "laboratory",
"label": "laboratory study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed within studied conditions",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38667047/"
],
"sourceIds": [],
"notes": "Primary abstract checked. Findings apply to the tested preparation and endpoint only."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route described in primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-tea-tree-2021-hand-hygiene-cleaning-hand-hygiene",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "tea-tree",
"studyId": "tea-tree-2021-hand-hygiene",
"useNodeId": "cleaning-hand-hygiene",
"finding": "A randomized trial in 112 adults compared a 10% tea-tree formulation, alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and no treatment. Post-treatment bacterial counts differed among groups; the abstract does not establish equivalence or superiority to alcohol.",
"limitations": "Specific 10% formulation with solubilizer and glycerin. Short-term hand measurements, not infection rates, arbitrary dilution advice or surface-disinfection evidence.",
"route": "topical-hands",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"material": {
"kind": "single-oil-topical-formulation",
"label": "10% tea-tree oil formulation with solubilizer, glycerin and water",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed within studied conditions",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33950544/"
],
"sourceIds": [],
"notes": "Primary abstract checked. Findings apply to the tested preparation and endpoint only."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route described in primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-lavender-2003-attention",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "moss-cook-2003",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive-attention",
"finding": "Working memory and reaction times worsened.",
"limitations": "Acute laboratory exposure with multiple outcomes, not lasting cognitive improvement. This is separate from the later 20-person blood-cineole correlation study.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Lavandula angustifolia aroma",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "matches"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "negative",
"label": "Working memory and reaction times worsened.",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Lavandula angustifolia",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12690999/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-18",
"notes": "Independent check of indexed abstract; source scope is limited to the named material, endpoint and model. No finished-product inference."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure checked in indexed abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-clove-2012-pain",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "clove",
"studyId": "halder-2012-clove-acute-cognition",
"useNodeId": "health-pain-inflammation",
"finding": "Injected clove oil reversed retention-memory deficits in mice; acquisition effects depended on dose. Pain responses varied by test and dose.",
"limitations": "Intraperitoneal injection and induced deficits in mice; no human attention or finished-product benefit is established.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "animal",
"label": "Mouse experiment",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "Mixed animal findings",
"verification": "source-checked",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": "injection",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22453493/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary abstract checked for material, route, model and outcome. No product efficacy inferred."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"notes": "Exposure route explicitly reported in the primary abstract."
}
},
{
"id": "use-audit-kasper-2010-silexan-health-mental-health-sleep",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kasper-2010-silexan",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-sleep",
"finding": "Anxiety-related sleep scores improved versus placebo.",
"limitations": "221 adults; formulation-specific oral trial, not inhalation or a custom spray. The indexed abstract identifies Lavandula species without authenticating a retail oil batch.",
"material": {
"kind": "oral-oil-formulation",
"label": "Defined oral lavender-oil capsule preparation (Silexan), 80 mg/day for ten weeks",
"relevance": "different-preparation",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "oral",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 221 adults; formulation-specific oral trial, not inhalation or a custom spray. The indexed abstract identifies Lavandula species without authenticating a retail oil batch."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20512042/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-audit-ghaderi-solhjou-2020-health-oral-dental-needle-insertion-pain",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "ghaderi-solhjou-2020",
"useNodeId": "health-oral-dental-needle-insertion-pain",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "essential-oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "human",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "positive"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891272/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed-only n=24 crossover; pediatric dental setting only. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-audit-semeniuc-2017-microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "thyme",
"studyId": "semeniuc-2017",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": null,
"limitations": null,
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Named whole-oil sample; preparation details were not independently recorded.",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "not-explicitly-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "in-vitro",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"scope": "reported-study-context"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "unverified",
"label": "unverified",
"verification": "library-reported-unverified",
"reportedDirection": "mixed"
},
"route": null,
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "unreviewed",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "library-reviewed",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28911683/"
],
"checkedAt": null,
"notes": "library-record-reviewed; detailed-primary-verification-pending Food-bacteria panel only; disc-diffusion screening. Not independently source-reverified in this pass. Audit did not clear this relation for suggestion."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "unverified",
"notes": "No independently checked endpoint-specific exposure route is assigned."
}
},
{
"id": "use-6ce984a771dd1c22fcef7886-cognition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "peppermint",
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": "The peppermint–eucalyptus–ethanol combination improved measured cognitive performance; individual oil contributions were not isolated.",
"limitations": "32 healthy volunteers. The abstract does not identify attention or memory as the specific improved endpoint; no narrower cognitive tag is assigned.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint and eucalyptus oils in ethanol, applied to forehead and temples",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 healthy volunteers. The abstract does not identify attention or memory as the specific improved endpoint; no narrower cognitive tag is assigned."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-d4bfe4a5f92431f058ec035d-cognition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "eucalyptus",
"studyId": "gobel-schmidt-soyka-1994",
"useNodeId": "health-cognitive",
"finding": "The peppermint–eucalyptus–ethanol combination improved measured cognitive performance; individual oil contributions were not isolated.",
"limitations": "32 healthy volunteers. The abstract does not identify attention or memory as the specific improved endpoint; no narrower cognitive tag is assigned.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Peppermint and eucalyptus oils in ethanol, applied to forehead and temples",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 32 healthy volunteers. The abstract does not identify attention or memory as the specific improved endpoint; no narrower cognitive tag is assigned."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7954745/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-16411e3e0141564604d91d91-anxiety",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kuriyama-watanabe-2005",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-anxiety",
"finding": "Anxiety and depression scores improved after both massages, with no difference between aromatherapy and carrier-oil massage.",
"limitations": "11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, cypress and sweet marjoram oils in almond oil, with massage",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No between-treatment difference",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-16411e3e0141564604d91d91-mood",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "lavender",
"studyId": "kuriyama-watanabe-2005",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": "Anxiety and depression scores improved after both massages, with no difference between aromatherapy and carrier-oil massage.",
"limitations": "11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes.",
"material": {
"kind": "combination",
"label": "Lavender, cypress and sweet marjoram oils in almond oil, with massage",
"relevance": "combination-not-isolated",
"speciesMatch": "not-independently-verified"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Human study",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "No between-treatment difference",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "topical",
"species": "not-independently-authenticated",
"relevance": "contextual",
"researchMatch": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Indexed primary abstract screened. 11 participants. Biomarker changes do not establish infection prevention or clinical immune benefit. The abstract contains an inconsistent significance notation for total lymphocytes."
},
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937558/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route only; not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-gertsch-2008-caryophyllene-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "gertsch-2008-caryophyllene",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "Five commercial cannabis essential oils contained different amounts of beta-caryophyllene.",
"limitations": "Cannabis oil was tested in receptor assays. The mouse inflammation experiment used isolated beta-caryophyllene, not cannabis oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Five commercial cannabis essential oils lacking classical cannabinoids",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-gertsch-2008-caryophyllene-botanical-bioactivity-cannabinoid-receptor-activity",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "gertsch-2008-caryophyllene",
"useNodeId": "botanical-bioactivity-cannabinoid-receptor-activity",
"finding": "Cannabis oils activated CB2-related laboratory responses; activity tracked beta-caryophyllene content.",
"limitations": "Cannabis oil was tested in receptor assays. The mouse inflammation experiment used isolated beta-caryophyllene, not cannabis oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Five commercial cannabis essential oils lacking classical cannabinoids",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "Seventeen hemp oils were chemically profiled; their composition varied.",
"limitations": "Seventeen oils varied by cultivar and composition. Culture assays do not establish surface disinfection or treatment of infection.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils-microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": "Six selected hemp oils inhibited Gram-positive strains in follow-up tests; activity varied by oil and strain.",
"limitations": "Seventeen oils varied by cultivar and composition. Culture assays do not establish surface disinfection or treatment of infection.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils-microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "iseppi-2019-hemp-essential-oils",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": "None of the seventeen hemp oils inhibited the tested Gram-negative bacteria.",
"limitations": "Seventeen oils varied by cultivar and composition. Culture assays do not establish surface disinfection or treatment of infection.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "null",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6631254/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "The distilled Futura 75 sample was chemically characterized.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil-microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": "The hemp oil inhibited the tested Staphylococcus aureus strains.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil-microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": "The hemp oil inhibited tested Helicobacter pylori strains.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "positive",
"label": "positive",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil-microbial-biofilms",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"useNodeId": "microbial-biofilms",
"finding": "Oil reduced viable bacteria in mature S. aureus biofilms; total biofilm biomass did not decrease.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil-microbial-fungi-yeast",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zengin-2018-cannabis-essential-oil",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": "The oil did not inhibit tested Candida and Malassezia yeasts within the tested range.",
"limitations": "Laboratory assays of one cultivar. Oil, aromatic water and isolated naringenin were tested separately; their results are not interchangeable.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "null",
"label": "null",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6320915/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "The inhaled hemp oil was characterized by gas chromatography.",
"limitations": "Only five healthy volunteers, with a fixed exposure order. No clinical anxiety, depression, sleep or memory treatment was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot-health-mental-health-mood",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"useNodeId": "health-mental-health-mood",
"finding": "Five volunteers reported feeling calmer, more relaxed and more energetic after exposure.",
"limitations": "Only five healthy volunteers, with a fixed exposure order. No clinical anxiety, depression, sleep or memory treatment was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Five-person exploratory pilot",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "Wild, cultivated and CBD hemp samples produced oils with different chemical profiles.",
"limitations": "Disc-diffusion results depend on the oil and organism. Some hydrodistilled samples contained cannabinoids; they do not represent every retail hemp oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial-microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": "Growth inhibition of S. aureus, E. faecalis and S. pneumoniae varied among the tested oils.",
"limitations": "Disc-diffusion results depend on the oil and organism. Some hydrodistilled samples contained cannabinoids; they do not represent every retail hemp oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial-microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": "Growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa, Y. enterocolitica and S. enterica varied among the tested oils.",
"limitations": "Disc-diffusion results depend on the oil and organism. Some hydrodistilled samples contained cannabinoids; they do not represent every retail hemp oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial-microbial-fungi-yeast",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "zheljazkov-2020-hemp-oil-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": "Candida growth inhibition varied among oils; some wild-hemp oils were more active than cultivated samples.",
"limitations": "Disc-diffusion results depend on the oil and organism. Some hydrodistilled samples contained cannabinoids; they do not represent every retail hemp oil.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7587197/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial-botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "botanical-composition-essential-oil-composition",
"finding": "The essential oil contained identified monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "analytical",
"label": "Chemical composition analysis",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"label": "analytical-not-efficacy",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "not-applicable",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "not-applicable",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial-microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-positive",
"finding": "The essential oil inhibited Gram-positive strains at widely differing concentrations.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial-microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-bacteria-gram-negative",
"finding": "The oil inhibited H. pylori, but not the five other Gram-negative species at the highest tested concentration.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial-microbial-fungi-yeast",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-yeast",
"finding": "Candida inhibition required comparatively high oil concentrations.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial-microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "luca-2024-hemp-distillation-antimicrobial",
"useNodeId": "microbial-fungi-dermatophytes",
"finding": "The oil inhibited two Trichophyton species in culture; the total extract was more active.",
"limitations": "Only the HEO column in Table 6 is mapped here. Spent-material extracts and isolated cannabinoids are separate preparations; no clinical or disinfectant efficacy was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "in-vitro",
"label": "Laboratory assay",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "laboratory-assay",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11201062/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
},
{
"id": "use-cannabis-gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot-health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"kind": "study-use",
"oilId": "cannabis",
"studyId": "gulluni-2018-cannabis-inhalation-pilot",
"useNodeId": "health-cardiovascular-acute-physiology",
"finding": "Diastolic blood pressure fell while heart rate and skin temperature rose during the five-person pilot.",
"limitations": "Only five healthy volunteers, with a fixed exposure order. No clinical anxiety, depression, sleep or memory treatment was tested.",
"material": {
"kind": "essential-oil",
"label": "Hydrodistilled Cannabis sativa essential oil",
"relevance": "whole-oil-direct",
"speciesMatch": "same-species"
},
"model": {
"kind": "human",
"label": "Five-person exploratory pilot",
"verification": "source-checked",
"scope": "endpoint"
},
"outcome": {
"direction": "mixed",
"label": "mixed",
"verification": "source-checked"
},
"route": "inhalation",
"species": "Cannabis sativa",
"relevance": "direct",
"researchMatch": true,
"supportsFunctionalUse": false,
"verification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceIds": [],
"urls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"checkedAt": "2026-10-19",
"notes": "Primary full text checked for this oil arm and endpoint. No finished-product efficacy inference."
},
"routeVerification": {
"status": "source-checked",
"sourceUrls": [
"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5822802/"
],
"notes": "Experimental route, not consumer dosing guidance."
}
}
],
"chemicalGroups": [
{
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"label": "Aldehydes",
"description": "A fragrant functional group found across chemical families. Citral gives lemongrass its lemony character; cinnamaldehyde is associated with cinnamon.",
"details": "An aldehyde contains a terminal carbonyl group (-CHO). Citral is a mixture of geranial and neral. Citral and citronellal remain monoterpenoids; cinnamaldehyde remains a phenylpropanoid.",
"compoundIds": [
"citral",
"citronellal",
"cinnamaldehyde"
],
"sourceIds": [
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"chebi-citronellal",
"chebi-cinnamaldehyde"
]
},
{
"id": "ester",
"label": "Esters",
"description": "Many volatile esters contribute floral or fruity notes. Linalyl acetate is an example associated with lavender and bergamot.",
"details": "An ester functional group can overlap with a primary chemical family. Linalyl acetate is both a monoterpenoid and an acetate ester. Not all esters are volatile or fragrant.",
"compoundIds": [
"linalyl-acetate"
],
"sourceIds": [
"chebi-linalyl-acetate"
]
},
{
"id": "thiol",
"label": "Thiols",
"description": "Some sulfur-containing volatiles affect aroma at trace levels. Examples have been reported in grapefruit oil and in cannabis flower or extract research.",
"details": "Thiols contain a sulfur-hydrogen (-SH) group. Other volatile sulfur compounds include sulfides and thioesters, so not every sulfur volatile is a thiol.",
"compoundIds": [
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"prenylthiol"
],
"sourceIds": [
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},
{
"id": "flavonoid",
"label": "Flavonoids",
"description": "Typically nonvolatile plant polyphenols. They belong to broader plant chemistry and are not generally aroma molecules or dominant constituents of steam-distilled oils.",
"details": "Cannflavins illustrate plant-material chemistry. Nobiletin is documented in nonvolatile fractions of some cold-pressed citrus oils. These findings stay separate from volatile fingerprints. LC/HPLC methods are commonly used for flavonoids.",
"compoundIds": [
"nobiletin",
"cannflavin-a"
],
"sourceIds": [
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"pellati-2018",
"cx04",
"cx08",
"cx09"
]
}
],
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{
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"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"match": {
"includeDescendants": true
}
},
{
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"match": {
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]
}
},
{
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"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
"Monoterpenoid"
]
}
},
{
"id": "class:Sesquiterpene",
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"parentId": "terpenes",
"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
"Sesquiterpene"
]
}
},
{
"id": "class:Phenylpropanoid",
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"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
"Phenylpropanoid"
]
}
},
{
"id": "class:Furanosesquiterpene",
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"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
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]
}
},
{
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"label": "Sesquiterpenoids",
"parentId": "terpenes",
"selectable": true,
"match": {
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]
}
},
{
"id": "class:Organosulfur compound",
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"selectable": true,
"match": {
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]
}
},
{
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"selectable": false,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
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]
}
},
{
"id": "group:aldehyde",
"label": "Aldehydes",
"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"groupId": "aldehyde",
"match": {
"functionalGroups": [
"aldehyde"
]
}
},
{
"id": "group:ester",
"label": "Esters",
"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"groupId": "ester",
"match": {
"functionalGroups": [
"ester"
]
}
},
{
"id": "group:thiol",
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"selectable": true,
"groupId": "thiol",
"match": {
"functionalGroups": [
"thiol"
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}
},
{
"id": "group:flavonoid",
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"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"groupId": "flavonoid",
"match": {
"functionalGroups": [
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],
"chemicalClasses": [
"Flavonoid"
]
}
},
{
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"parentId": "terpenes",
"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
"Norsesquiterpene"
]
}
},
{
"id": "class:Aliphatic ester",
"label": "Aliphatic esters",
"parentId": null,
"selectable": true,
"match": {
"chemicalClasses": [
"Aliphatic ester"
]
}
}
],
"editorialReferences": {
"chemistryExplainerSourceIds": [
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"oswald-2023",
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]
},
"matrixTopicGroups": [
{
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"description": "Health, cleaning, microbial and pest endpoints. Counts describe linked research, including contextual and unfavorable findings."
},
{
"id": "composition",
"label": "Composition & sensory research",
"description": "Analytical composition, constituent variation and aroma research. These columns describe chemistry and sensory questions, not application benefits."
},
{
"id": "assays",
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"description": "Biological assays that are not assigned to a practical use or outcome. Inspect the model and material before drawing conclusions."
}
]
},
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"baselineCounts": {
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"compounds": 34,
"studies": 153,
"sources": 45,
"oilStudyLinks": 214,
"compoundStudyLinks": 240,
"tagAssignments": 205,
"constituents": 76,
"chemicalEvidence": 53
},
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{
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"reason": "Targeted primary-source audit and scoped library review correct citation metadata, preparation identity and measured endpoints, preserve per-oil outcomes, enrich existing publications and add three verified gaps without deleting baseline oil-study links.",
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"changes": [
{
"path": [
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],
"beforePresent": true,
"before": [
{
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"subcategories": [
{
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"topics": [
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"mood",
"sleep"
]
},
{
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"alertness"
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},
{
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"topics": []
},
{
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"topics": []
},
{
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"topics": []
},
{
"id": "oral-dental",
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"topics": []
},
{
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"topics": []
},
{
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"topics": []
},
{
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"label": "Cardiovascular",
"topics": []
},
{
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"label": "Metabolic",
"topics": []
},
{
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"label": "Wound",
"topics": []
}
]
},
{
"type": "cleaning",
"label": "Cleaning",
"subcategories": [
{
"id": "surface",
"label": "Surface cleaning",
"topics": []
},
{
"id": "odor",
"label": "Deodorization / Odor",
"topics": []
},
{
"id": "air",
"label": "Air / Environmental",
"topics": []
},
{
"id": "laundry",
"label": "Laundry / Textiles",
"topics": []
}
]
},
{
"type": "microbial",
"label": "Microbial",
"subcategories": [
{
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"label": "Bacteria",
"topics": [
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]
},
{
"id": "fungi",
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"topics": [
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"color": "#f0d060",
"description": "Cold-pressed peel with a bright, slightly bitter citrus aroma. Whole-oil research is distinguished from isolated nootkatone experiments.",
"uses": [
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"safety": "Phototoxic risk; avoid sun exposure after topical use.",
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"material": "Essential oil",
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"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
"finding": "4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanol was detected, with low aroma activity in the tested oil.",
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{
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"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
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{
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"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed Citrus paradisi oil studied in aroma-impact analysis",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Time-intensity GC-olfactometry and GC-MS",
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"limitations": "Aroma intensity is not concentration. Non-detection of particular thiols applies only to the studied samples."
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{
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"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction",
"sample": "Varietal and commercial cold-pressed grapefruit oils, nonvolatile fraction",
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"method": "Validated UHPLC-MS/MS",
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{
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"description": "Steam-distilled Vitex negundo leaves with a herbal, woody aroma. The linked research identifies the tested species and preparation.",
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"extraction": "Cold-pressed",
"aroma": [
"citrus",
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"sweet"
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"color": "#d4b855",
"description": "Cold-pressed peel with a citrus, floral aroma. Limonene, linalyl acetate and linalool contribute to the studied volatile profile.",
"uses": [
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"safety": "Phototoxic risk; avoid sun exposure after topical use.",
"constituents": [
{
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},
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{
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],
"chemicalEvidence": [
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"compoundIds": [
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"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Cold-pressed ripe Turkish bergamot peel oil",
"extraction": "cold pressing",
"method": "Capillary GC and GC-MS; chromatographic composition",
"finding": "Linalyl acetate was reported in the cold-pressed ripe Turkish oil.",
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"valueState": "transcribed",
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"basis": "Relative chromatographic peak-area %, not mass percentage; cited sample only",
"analyte": "Linalyl acetate",
"limitations": "Ripeness and season affect composition; this value is not universal."
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{
"group": "aldehyde",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
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"material": "Essential oil",
"sample": "Liquid bergamot essential oil and its separately measured headspace",
"extraction": "Sample-specific extraction not verified",
"method": "Quantitative GC-MS/GC-FID",
"finding": "Neral and geranial were reported in the liquid oil; sample-specific extraction is not verified, so no numerical value is imported.",
"sourceIds": [
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"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Liquid composition is not inhaled-headspace composition. Extraction provenance is incomplete."
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{
"group": "flavonoid",
"status": "reported-unquantified",
"compoundIds": [
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"material": "Essential oil: nonvolatile fraction",
"sample": "Femminello, Castagnaro and Fantastico bergamot peel oils, nonvolatile fraction",
"extraction": "manual cold pressing",
"method": "LC-MS/PDA",
"finding": "Sinensetin, nobiletin, tetra-O-methylscutellarein and tangeretin were identified in the nonvolatile oil fraction. Cultivar-specific quantities are not imported.",
"sourceIds": [
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"valueState": "source_values_not_imported",
"limitations": "Cultivar-specific findings, not juice or a bergamot-polyphenol supplement."
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"blend": {
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"availability": "unconfirmed",
"qualityMappings": [
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"evidenceTier": "human clinical",
"summary": "Research relevant to the purported calm quality: students using bergamot whole-oil aroma stones reported lower state-anxiety scores before examinations than students using water stones.",
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"limitations": "Open-label, single-center trial with 57 students over three days. Expectations may influence self-reports. The study does not establish a safe dermal concentration or an effect from isolated constituents. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
"supportsSuggestion": true
},
{
"qualityId": "uplifting",
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"summary": "Research relevant to the purported uplifting quality: the bergamot-aroma group had higher subjective-happiness scores on the day before the exam; broader depression, anxiety and stress scores did not differ significantly between groups.",
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"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42755326/",
"limitations": "Secondary, time-specific self-reported finding in a small open-label student trial. It does not establish a general or lasting mood benefit. No evidence of the effectiveness or safety of this finished spray or a custom combination is established by this study.",
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],
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"sensitizationNotes": "No verified sensitization assessment yet for this oil in the proposed leave-on spray. Legacy profile notes are unaudited and do not establish formulation safety.",
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],
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